CAS LX 522 Syntax IA mysterious patternBinding TheoryR-expressions and anaphorsPronounsThe problemIndices and antecedentsSlide 8Slide 9Constraints on co-referenceJohn’s mother[NP John’s mother]Slide 13BindingSlide 15Tree relationsSlide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Principle ABinding domainsSlide 27Slide 28Slide 29Principle BPrinciple CSlide 32Slide 33Slide 34Constraints on interpretationSlide 36Slide 37Negative Polarity ItemsSlide 39LicensingAnySlide 42Slide 43Slide 44Exercise to ponderEpisode 4a. Binding Theory, Episode 4a. Binding Theory, NPIs, c-command.NPIs, c-command.4.34.3CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IA mysterious patternA mysterious patternEnglish (and most languages) have a couple of different English (and most languages) have a couple of different ways to refer to individuals and entities.ways to refer to individuals and entities.JohnJohnjj saw himself saw himselfj/*kj/*k..*John*Johnjj saw herself saw herselfj/kj/k..JohnJohnjj saw him saw himk/*jk/*j..JohnJohnjj saw her saw herk/#jk/#j..*He*Hek/*jk/*j saw John saw Johnjj..HisHisj/kj/k mother saw John mother saw Johnjj..JohnJohnjj thinks that Mary likes him thinks that Mary likes himj/kj/k..*John*Johnjj thinks that Mary likes himself thinks that Mary likes himselfj/kj/k..JohnJohnjj thinks that he thinks that hej/kj/k is a genius. is a genius.*John*Johnjj thinks that himself thinks that himselfj/kj/k is a genius. is a genius.When do you use anaphors (When do you use anaphors (-self-self forms)? Pronouns? What forms)? Pronouns? What determines the range of interpretations they can have?determines the range of interpretations they can have?These are the questions These are the questions Binding TheoryBinding Theory strives to answer. strives to answer.Binding TheoryBinding TheoryBinding Theory consists of three Binding Theory consists of three Principles that govern the allowed Principles that govern the allowed distribution of NPs.distribution of NPs.Pronouns:Pronouns: hehe, , herher, , itit, , sheshe, …, …Anaphors:Anaphors: himselfhimself, , herselfherself, , itselfitself, …, …R-expressions:R-expressions: JohnJohn, , the studentthe student, , ……R-expressions and R-expressions and anaphorsanaphorsR-expressionsR-expressions are NPs like are NPs like PatPat, or , or the the professorprofessor, or , or an unlucky farmeran unlucky farmer, which , which get their meaning by get their meaning by referringreferring to to something in the world. Most NPs are something in the world. Most NPs are like this.like this.An An anaphoranaphor does does notnot get its meaning get its meaning from something in the world—it depends from something in the world—it depends on something else in the sentence.on something else in the sentence.JohnJohn saw himself in the mirror. saw himself in the mirror.MaryMary bought herself a sandwich. bought herself a sandwich.PronounsPronounsA A pronounpronoun is similar to an is similar to an anaphor in that it doesn’t refer anaphor in that it doesn’t refer to something in the world but to something in the world but gets its reference from somewhere gets its reference from somewhere else.else.JohnJohn told Mary that he likes pizza. told Mary that he likes pizza.MaryMary wondered if she agreed. wondered if she agreed.……but it doesn’t but it doesn’t needneed to be to be something in the sentence.something in the sentence.Mary concluded that he was crazy.Mary concluded that he was crazy.The problemThe problemThere are very specific configurations in which There are very specific configurations in which pronouns, anaphors, and R-expressions can/must pronouns, anaphors, and R-expressions can/must be used. be used. Even though both Even though both hehe and and himselfhimself could could refer to refer to JohnJohn below, you can’t just choose below, you can’t just choose freely between them.freely between them.John saw himself.John saw himself.*John saw him.*John saw him.John thinks that Mary likes him.John thinks that Mary likes him.*John thinks that Mary likes himself.*John thinks that Mary likes himself.John thinks that he is a genius.John thinks that he is a genius.*John thinks that himself is a genius.*John thinks that himself is a genius.The question Binding Theory strives to answer The question Binding Theory strives to answer is: is: When do you use anaphors, pronouns, and R-When do you use anaphors, pronouns, and R-expressions?expressions?Indices and antecedentsIndices and antecedentsAnaphors and pronouns are Anaphors and pronouns are referentially dependentreferentially dependent; they can ; they can (or must) be (or must) be co-referential co-referential with with another NP in the sentence.another NP in the sentence.The way we indicate that two NPs The way we indicate that two NPs are co-referential is by means of are co-referential is by means of an an indexindex, usually a subscripted , usually a subscripted letter. Two NPs that share the same letter. Two NPs that share the same index (that are index (that are coindexedcoindexed) also ) also share the same referent.share the same referent.JohnJohnii saw himself saw himselfii in the mirror. in the mirror.Indices and antecedentsIndices and antecedentsJohnJohnii saw himself saw himselfii in the mirror. in the mirror.An index functions as a “pointer” into An index functions as a “pointer” into our mental model of the world.our mental model of the world.John John here is a name that “points” to our mental here is a name that “points” to our mental representation of some guy, John, which we notate representation of some guy, John, which we notate by giving the pointing relation a label (“i”).by giving the pointing relation a label (“i”).himself himself here shares the same pointing relation, it here shares the same pointing relation, it “points” to the same guy John that “points” to the same guy John that JohnJohn does. does.So, any two NPs that share an index So, any two NPs that share an index (pointing relation) (pointing relation) necessarily necessarily refer refer to the same thing.to the same thing.Indices and antecedentsIndices and antecedentsJohnJohnii saw himself saw himselfii in the mirror. in the mirror.The NP from which an anaphor or The NP from which an anaphor or pronoun draws its reference is
View Full Document
![Nom from finite T no case from nonfinite T (T [inf], M to)](https://media.gradebuddy.com/documents/386389/7a3e15e0-7507-4825-a32d-f3e6fb67d2eb.png)
Unlocking...