CAS LX 522 Syntax IC-selectionC-selection (“Subcategorization”)Slide 4S-selectionFeature checkingSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11glance at PatChris glanced at PatThe ideaSyntactic operationsSlide 16Heads and complementsSlide 18Linear orderThe head parameterSecond MergeSpecifiers, heads, and complementsSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Historical note: X-theoryMerge vs. X-theoryAdjunctsAdjuncts and distributionAdjoinThe luxury of adjunctionSlide 32A phraseComplements vs. adjunctsWeek 3b. Merge, feature checkingWeek 3b. Merge, feature checking3.6-4.23.6-4.2CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IC-selectionC-selectionVerbs are recorded in the lexicon with the Verbs are recorded in the lexicon with the -roles -roles they assign as part of their meaning.they assign as part of their meaning.But, verbs are more selective than that.But, verbs are more selective than that.Pat felt a tremor. Pat felt uncomfortable. Pat felt that Chris Pat felt a tremor. Pat felt uncomfortable. Pat felt that Chris had not performed well.had not performed well.PatPat is the Experiencer; is the Experiencer; a tremora tremor (noun), (noun), uncomfortableuncomfortable (adjective), or (adjective), or that…wellthat…well (sentence) is the (sentence) is the Theme/Source. So Theme/Source. So -role does not determine -role does not determine syntactic category. And syntactic category certainly syntactic category. And syntactic category certainly does not determine does not determine -role.-role.So verbs also need to be recorded with information So verbs also need to be recorded with information about the syntactic categor(y/ies) they combine with.about the syntactic categor(y/ies) they combine with.C-selection C-selection (“Subcategorization”)(“Subcategorization”)KickKick needs a nominal object.needs a nominal object.Pat kicked the pail.Pat kicked the pail.KickKick has a [V] category feature, but also needs to has a [V] category feature, but also needs to have some form of [N] category feature indicating have some form of [N] category feature indicating that it needs a nominal object.that it needs a nominal object.We don’t want to risk interpreting We don’t want to risk interpreting kickkick as a noun, as a noun, though. So, the [V] and [N] features must have a though. So, the [V] and [N] features must have a different status.different status.On On kickkick, the [V] feature is , the [V] feature is interpretableinterpretable— the [N] — the [N] feature is just for use in assembling the structure, it feature is just for use in assembling the structure, it is not interpreted—hence is not interpreted—hence uninterpreta b l euninterpreta b l e..C-selectionC-selectionNot all transitive verbs (that take just one Not all transitive verbs (that take just one object) can take the same kind of object.object) can take the same kind of object.Sue knows [Sue knows [DPDP the answer ] the answer ]Sue knows [Sue knows [CPCP that Bill left early ] that Bill left early ]Sue hit [Sue hit [DPDP the ball ] the ball ]*Sue hit [*Sue hit [CPCP that Bill left early] that Bill left early]So So knowknow can take either a DP or a CP as its can take either a DP or a CP as its object argument; object argument; hithit can only take a DP as can only take a DP as its object argument.its object argument.S-selectionS-selectionVerbs also exert semantic control of the kinds of Verbs also exert semantic control of the kinds of arguments they allow.arguments they allow.For example, many verbs can only have a volitional For example, many verbs can only have a volitional (agentive) subject:(agentive) subject:Bill likes pizza. Bill kicked the stone.Bill likes pizza. Bill kicked the stone.#Pizza likes anchovies. #The stone kicked Bill.#Pizza likes anchovies. #The stone kicked Bill.We’ll assume that this is not encoded in the syntactic We’ll assume that this is not encoded in the syntactic features, but if you mess up with respect to s-features, but if you mess up with respect to s-selection, the interpretation is anomalous.selection, the interpretation is anomalous.Feature checkingFeature checkingTo model this, we will say that To model this, we will say that if a syntactic object if a syntactic object has an uninterpretable feature, it must Merge with a has an uninterpretable feature, it must Merge with a syntactic object that has a matching featuresyntactic object that has a matching feature— and — and once it’s done, the requirement is met. The feature is once it’s done, the requirement is met. The feature is checkedchecked..Specifically:Specifically:Full Interpretation:Full Interpretation: The structure to which the semantic The structure to which the semantic interface rules apply contains no uninterpretable features.interface rules apply contains no uninterpretable features.Checking Requirement:Checking Requirement: Uninterpretable features must be Uninterpretable features must be checked (and once checked, they are deleted)checked (and once checked, they are deleted)Checking (under sisterhood):Checking (under sisterhood): An uninterpretable feature F An uninterpretable feature F on a syntactic object Y is checked when Y is sister to another on a syntactic object Y is checked when Y is sister to another syntactic object Z which bears a matching feature F.syntactic object Z which bears a matching feature F.Feature checkingFeature checkingTo distinguish interpretable To distinguish interpretable features from uninterpretable features from uninterpretable features, we will write features, we will write uninterpretable features with a uninterpretable features with a uu in front of them.in front of them.D has uninterpretable feature FD has uninterpretable feature FE has interpretable feature F.E has interpretable feature F.If we Merge them, the If we Merge them, the uninterpretable feature can be uninterpretable feature can be checked (under sisterhood).checked (under sisterhood).D[uF]E[F]Feature checkingFeature checkingTo distinguish interpretable To distinguish interpretable features from uninterpretable features from uninterpretable features, we will write features, we will write uninterpretable features with a uninterpretable features with a uu in front of them.in front of them.D has uninterpretable feature FD has uninterpretable feature FE has interpretable feature F.E has
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