1CAS LX 522 Syntax IFall 2000 December 11, 2000Paul Hagstrom Week 14: ReviewReview2X-bar Theory(1) XPrUWP XP3YP X′3XZPSpec-head Agreement: A functional head and itsspecifier agree in (share) relevant features.e.g., φ-features, [GEN], [NOM](2) IP3Subject I′[3SG, NOM]3IVP[3SG, NOM]3θ-TheoryVerbs have θ-roles to assign to the participants inthe event it denotes.kick: Agent <Patient>(3) VPqpDP1θagentV′qpV θpatientDP2kick☞ All θ-roles are assigned inside the VP.The θ-criterioni) Each argument chain must be assignedexactly one a θ-role.ii) Each θ-role must be assigned toexactly one argument chain4Only referring expressions can be arguments.Quantifiers (every student) and wh-words (whichstudent) are not referring expressions—but theirtraces are. The θ-criterion is checked on the LFrepresentation.(4) Who bought what?(5) CP LFeiDPiC′Ru 3DPiDPj C IPwho what rgti′I′3IVP3tiV′3V tjbought5C-command and government(6) C-commandα c-commands β iff:i) the first branching node dominating αalso dominates β.ii) α does not dominate β.(7) A B c-commands C, D, and E3 D c-commands E and vice versa B C C c-commands B and vice versa3DE(8) Governmentα governs β iffi) α is an X° category (that is, α is a head)ii) α c-commands βiii) Minimality is respected.(9) Minimality ConditionIn the configuration[XP … X … [YP … Y … ZP …] …]X does not govern ZP.(because Y is closer)6Heads: Lexical (N, V, A, P)Functional (C, I, D)(10) VP VP3RuV′ VP how33smoothlyV which car V′the book 3VCase TheoryCase FilterA DP chain must be Case-markedA chain is Case-marked if it contains exactly oneCase-marked position.V assigns ACC Case viaP assigns oblique Case governmentFinite I assigns NOM Case via Spec-headD assigns GEN Case agreement7(11) IP DP33DP I′ DP D′NOM 3 GEN 3IVPDNPNOM GEN(12) P′ V′33PDPVDPOBL ACC(13)V′ V′33VAPVIP33DP A′ DP I′ACC 1 ACC 3AIVP[–FIN](to)8PassivesPassive verbs are derived from active verbs by• attaching –en• suppressing external θ-role• absorbing accusative Caseeat: Agent <Theme> eaten: — <Theme>(14) IP3I′3IVP[PAST] 1V′3VVPbe 1V′3V θ DPeaten the sandwichNo Caseassigned9MovementVarious kinds of movement: Moving something to SpecIP Moving wh-word to SpecCP Moving quantifier to adjoin to IP Moving V to I, or I to CMove-αAnything can be freely moved anywhere—so longas the end result satisfies all of the constraints onthe representation.EPPThe specifier of IP must be filled.[+Q]-CP principleA [+Q]-CP must have a [+wh] specifierWh-scopeWh-words must be in or adjoined to SpecCP at LFQuantifier scopeQuantifiers must be adjoined to IP at LF10I-to-CWhere the root clause C is [+Q], I moves to C.V-raising (or Aux-raising)A [+Aux] V will move to I if I is unfilled.Affix HoppingFinite I will move (down) to V if V-raising can’tapply—if I is adjacent to the VP.do-support (last resort)If I is unfilled and neither Aux-raising nor AffixHopping can apply, insert do into I.SubjacencyOvert movement cannot cross more than onebounding node in a single step.Bounding nodes (English): IP and DPBounding nodes (Italian): CP and DPHead-movement constraint (HMC). Movementof an X° category α is restricted to the position of ahead β that governs the maximal projection of α.(“No skipping”)11Empty Category Principle (ECP)Traces must be properly governedα properly governs β iff (i) α governs β and α is a lexical heador (ii) α antecedent-governs β.α antecedent-governs β iff(i) α c-commands βα is coindexed with β.(ii) no more than one boundingnode dominates β but not α.(iii) there is no filled C governing β.COMP-indexing: The first wh-phrase to move toSpecCP gives its index to SpecCP which canthereby antecedent govern the trace of the wh-phrase. (Wh-phrases which are subsequentlyadjoined to SpecCP will not antecedent governtheir traces).12PROTo tell if PRO is needed, consult θ-theory…(15) John tried [ PRO to leave ](16) John persuaded Bill [ PRO to leave ](17) It is difficult [ PRO to leave ](18) John is likely [ — to leave ]PRO can only appear in SpecIP of a nonfinite I.PRO does not need Case (in fact can’t get Case).Binding TheoryAnaphors: him, she, I, them, …R-expressions: Mary, the students, …Pronominals: them, him, her, …Binding. α binds β iffi) α c-commands βii) α and β are coindexed.13Binding TheoryPrinciple A: An anaphor must be bound in its binding domain.Principle B: A pronominal must be free in itsbinding domain.Principle C: An r-expression must be free.Binding domain for α:The smallest IP or DP containing α and either (a) a subject distinct from αthat does not contain α,or (b) an I assigning NOM to α.or (c) if a is a pronoun, a D assigning GEN to α.Binding Theory is about binding from A-positions. This excludes, e.g., “binding” of a wh-trace by a wh-word. They are in a c-command andcoindexation relation (a binding relation), butBinding Theory does not constrain them.14Op and the relative clauseWhere do you find Op?Op is essentially a silent which… We find it• In SpecCP of yes-no questions• In SpecCP (moved) in relative clauses.(19) CP3Op C′3CIP rG 3IjCDP I′did [+Q] Pat 3tjVP3tiV′1Vleave15(20) DP1D′3DNPthe 1N′RuN′ CP vs. which, that13N OpiC′student 3CIP[+Q] 3DPjI′John rgIVP rgtjV′3V timet16Recoverability ConditionThe content of a null category must be recoverable(from a co-indexed overt category in the sentence).Doubly Filled Comp Filter*[Comp wh-XP that/if], if wh-XP is overt (non-null).(21) Bill heard[DP the speechi [CP whichi C [IP Mary made ti ]]]."1z----------m(22) Bill heard[DP the speechi [CP Opi C [IP Mary made ti ]]]."1z----------m(23) Bill heard[DP the speechi [CP Opi that [IP Mary made ti ]]]."1z----------m17Some parameters of variation(24) U UX′ X′33XYP YPXHead-initial Head-final[SVO] [SOV]Headedness tends to be mostly uniform acrossprojections, but not invariably (German; IP, VPhead-final, CP head-initial, …)V-to-I:In French, the (finite) verb appears to theleft of negation, adverbs. This is taken toindicate that V has raised to I. French hasthis parameter set “on”, English “off”.18V2: The verb must be second(German, Dutch, English wh-questions, …)Implies V-movement to a functional projectionwhich must obligatorily have something in itsspecifier. I-to-C and SpecCP must be filled (alittle bit like the EPP but for CP).VSO: The verb moves past the surface position ofthe subject. CVSO sentences suggest
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