CAS LX 522 Syntax IOur model of grammarAdjoinSlide 4Slide 5Good, more terminologySlide 7AdjunctionAdverbsAdjectivesMysteries to live with…PPs serve the same functionSlide 13MotivationComplements vs. adjunctsSlide 16Slide 17One-replacementSlide 19Another mystery to live with…X-bar parametersSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26The problem of VSO languagesFrenchSlide 29MovementSlide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35What happens when V moves to I?Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42AuxiliariesAuxiliary verbsA word on auxiliariesSlide 46Why does V move to I?English yes-no questionsSlide 49Ø+QSlide 51I to CSlide 53Week 8a. Adjunction andWeek 8a. Adjunction andhead-movementhead-movementCAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IOur model of grammarOur model of grammarRecall our model of grammar: we select items from Recall our model of grammar: we select items from the lexicon, put them on the workbench, pick them the lexicon, put them on the workbench, pick them up and up and MergeMerge them until we have a single object, them until we have a single object, then pronounce and interpret the result.then pronounce and interpret the result.LexiconWorkbenchMergepronounceinterpretAdjoinAdjoinIn addition to Merge, there is another In addition to Merge, there is another thing that we can do with two objects we thing that we can do with two objects we pick up from the workbench.pick up from the workbench.The new operation is The new operation is AdjoinAdjoin, and it will , and it will enable us finally to draw proper structures enable us finally to draw proper structures for sentences with adjectives, adverbs, and for sentences with adjectives, adverbs, and modifying PPs:modifying PPs:John quickly ate the scrumptious cake on the John quickly ate the scrumptious cake on the lawn.lawn.AdjoinAdjoinThe operations The operations MergeMerge and and AdjoinAdjoin are two are two different ways to combine two objects from the different ways to combine two objects from the workbench.workbench.MergeMerge takes two objects and creates a new object takes two objects and creates a new object (with the label inherited from one of them).(with the label inherited from one of them).AdjoinAdjoin attaches one object to the top of another attaches one object to the top of another one.one.quicklyiteatAPVPV DPVPiteatV DPVPAdjoinAdjoinI generally indicate adjunction with a “double branch” to keep it I generally indicate adjunction with a “double branch” to keep it clear what is adjoined and what is not.clear what is adjoined and what is not.The concept here is that the VP node has been “stretched out” The concept here is that the VP node has been “stretched out” and the AP has been hooked into it.and the AP has been hooked into it.The AP occupies a strange position in the tree. It is not a sister, The AP occupies a strange position in the tree. It is not a sister, nor a daughter of VP. It is sort of in-between. It’s not nor a daughter of VP. It is sort of in-between. It’s not fully fully dominated by VP, it’s only dominated by dominated by VP, it’s only dominated by part part of VP.of VP.AP c-commands the VP, but the VP doesn’t c-command the AP, though we AP c-commands the VP, but the VP doesn’t c-command the AP, though we won’t dwell on that here. Merge establishes a mutual c-command relation won’t dwell on that here. Merge establishes a mutual c-command relation between two objects, Adjoin establishes an asymmetrical c-command between two objects, Adjoin establishes an asymmetrical c-command relation.relation.quicklyiteatAPVPV DPVPiteatV DPVPGood, more terminologyGood, more terminologyAdjoining an object to another results in a multi-Adjoining an object to another results in a multi-segmentsegment node. So, there are two VP node. So, there are two VP segmentssegments below, making up together the VP below, making up together the VP nodenode..Often you will also see these called “multi-segment Often you will also see these called “multi-segment categoriescategories”, but we’ll continue to call them segments ”, but we’ll continue to call them segments and nodes.and nodes.quicklyiteatAPVPV DPVPIIPGood, more terminologyGood, more terminologyX dominates YX dominates Y in just the same conditions as before, in just the same conditions as before, except if X is a multi-segment node, all segments of X except if X is a multi-segment node, all segments of X must dominate Y for X to dominate Y.must dominate Y for X to dominate Y.X excludes YX excludes Y if no segment of X dominates Y.if no segment of X dominates Y.AP is AP is dominated dominated by one segment of VP but not by the by one segment of VP but not by the other. AP is other. AP is not dominated not dominated by VP. AP is by VP. AP is not excluded not excluded by by VP.VP.X c-commands YX c-commands Y iff:iff:(i) X excludes Y, and(i) X excludes Y, and(ii) Any node that(ii) Any node thatdominates X alsodominates X alsodominates Y.dominates Y.AP c-commands VP.AP c-commands VP.VP does not c-command AP.VP does not c-command AP.quicklyiteatAPVPV DPVPIIPAdjunctionAdjunctionThe main intuitive idea: adjuncts are “loosely connected” The main intuitive idea: adjuncts are “loosely connected” and general serve as and general serve as modifiersmodifiers..Adjuncts are generally Adjuncts are generally optionaloptional (no (no -roles in any -roles in any -grids).-grids).They seem to be able to attach either to the right or the left.They seem to be able to attach either to the right or the left.They seem to attach to maximal projections.They seem to attach to maximal projections.quicklyiteatAPVPV DPVPIIPAdverbsAdverbsAdverbs (at least many adverbs, we’ll look at Adverbs (at least many adverbs, we’ll look at more later) generally are adjoined to the VP.more later) generally are adjoined to the VP.Pat quickly ate the sandwich.Pat quickly ate the sandwich.Pat ate the sandwich quickly.Pat ate the sandwich quickly.quicklythesandwicheatAPVPV DPVPIIIPDPPat[+Past]quicklythesandwicheatAPVPV DPVPIIIPDPPat[+Past]AdjectivesAdjectivesSimilarly, adjectives seem to adjoin to the NP.Similarly, adjectives seem to adjoin to the NP.the tasty sandwich.the tasty sandwich.Pat’s tasty sandwich.Pat’s tasty sandwich.tastysandwichAPNPNPDDPtheDDDPDPPat’stastysandwichAPNPNPMysteries to live with…Mysteries
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