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CAS LX 522 Syntax IBack to the trees: X-bar TheoryX-bar Theory: NPSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9X-bar Theory: VPSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13X-bar Theory: AdjPX-bar Theory: PPX-bar theorySlide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28X-bar theory: NPSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Side commentX-bar theory: VPSlide 47Slide 48Slide 49X-bar theory: PP, AdjP, AdvPX-bar theory: AdjP, PPX-bar theory: SpecifiersSlide 53X-bar theory: DPSlide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67X-bar theory: PronounsSlide 69Slide 70X-bar theory: Bare nouns and proper namesSlide 72X-bar theory: Proper namesSlide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77X-bar theory: TPSlide 79X-bar theory: CPSentencing guidelinesA basic sentenceMore complex…Where we are…Slide 85Matrix clausesEmbedded clausesFinitenessSlide 89Slide 90Finiteness: tense and agreementSlide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Slide 98Finiteness and CaseSlide 100Slide 101Some more thoughts on TSlide 103Slide 104Auxiliary beSlide 106Auxiliary haveFor next time:Week 3. X-bar TheoryCAS LX 522Syntax IBack to the trees: X-bar Theory•Consider our current NP rule:–NP: (D) (AdjP+) N (PP+)•This yields a “flat structure” where all of the components of DP c-command each other.NPD N PPthis book PNPofNPPpoemsP NPwithD AdjPtheNcoverAdjblueAdjPAdjbigX-bar Theory: NP•I bought this big book of poems with the blue cover.•You bought this small one.NPD N PPthis book PNPofNPPpoemsP NPwithD AdjPtheNcoverAdjblueAdjPAdjbigX-bar Theory: NP•We can substitute one for book of poems with the blue cover, which should mean book of poems with the blue cover is a constituent, but it isn’t in our structure.NPD N PPthis book PNPofNPPpoemsP NPwithD AdjPtheNcoverAdjblueAdjPAdjbigX-bar Theory: NP•I bought this small one with the red cover.•We can also substitute one in for book of poems alone, which should thus also be a constituent.NPD N PPthis book PNPofNPPpoemsP NPwithD AdjPtheNcoverAdjblueAdjPAdjbigX-bar Theory: NP•This suggests a more deeply embedded structure:?D N PPthis book PNPofNPPpoemsP NPwithD AdjPtheNcoverAdjblueAdjPAdjbig?NPX-bar Theory: NP•We’ll call these “intermediate” nodes of NP N (N-bar).•Notice that you can also say I bought this one.ND N PPthis book PNPofNPPpoemsP NPwithD AdjPtheNcoverAdjblueAdjPAdjbigNNPX-bar Theory: NP•So, our final NP looks like this:ND N PPthis book PNPofNPPpoemsP NPwithD AdjPtheNcoverAdjblueAdjPAdjbigNNPNX-bar Theory: NP•We need to break up our NP rule; instead of–NP: (D) (AdjP+) N (PP+)•We have:–NP: (D) N–N : AdjP N –N : N PP–N : N (PP)•Notice that these yield the same results on the surface (note the recursion and the optionality) but produce different structures (in terms of constituency).•Notice also that under these rules, any node of NP has no more than two daughters (binary branching).X-bar Theory: VP•The same kind of thing holds of VP as well as NP. Instead of using one (which stands for N) we can try doing replacements using do so, and we’ll get a very similar result.•Our old rule generated a flat structure for VP as well (all PPs, NPs, CPs, etc. in a VP c-command each other).–VP: (AdvP+) V ({NP/CP}) (PP+) (AdvP+)X-bar Theory: VP–VP: (AdvP+) V ({NP/CP}) (PP+) (AdvP+)•I quickly left after Mary did so.•I left quickly after Mary did so.•I ate the pizza with gusto and Mary did so with quiet reserve.•I ate the pizza with gusto immediately and Mary did so later.X-bar Theory: VP•Again, it looks like we need to break our rule into parts using V (for which do so can substitute).–VP: (AdvP+) V ({NP/CP}) (PP+) (AdvP+)•To:–VP: V–V : AdvP V–V : V PP–V : V AdvP–V : V ({NP/CP})•Again, this is the (almost) same on the surface, but yields a different structure. And again, binary.X-bar Theory: VP•Our new rules do not quite make the same predictions about the surface strings of VPs, however. The old rules had (PP+) before (AdvP+), the new rules allow them to intermingle.•But that’s actually better:–John grabbed the book quickly from the table triumphantly.–John grabbed the book off the table quickly with a devilish grinX-bar Theory: AdjP•We should now be growing suspicious of our other rules, now that we have had to split up NP and VP and introduce N and V nodes.–The governor was [AdjP very concerned about housing costs ];the tenants were [AdjP even more so ].–The studio was [AdjP unusually pleased with its actors and confident of success ].–The first statement was true; the second was less so.•This gives us evidence of –AdjP: (AdvP) Adj –Adj : Adj (PP)X-bar Theory: PP–The frisbee landed on the roof.–It landed right on the edge.–John knocked it right off the roof and into the trashcan.–Mark was at odds with his supervisor.–Mark was in love and at odds with his supervisor.•So, this gives us (assuming right is an AdjP):–PP: (AdjP) P–P : P (PP)–P : P DPX-bar theory–PP: (AdjP) P–P : P (PP)–P : P DP–NP: (D) N–N : AdjP N –N : N PP–N : N (PP)•The main idea behind X-bar theory is to explain the similarity between the rules for each category. It is an attempt to generalize over the rules we have.–AdjP: (AdvP) Adj –Adj : Adj (PP)–VP: V–V : AdvP V–V : V PP–V : V AdvP–V : V ({NP/CP})X-bar theory–PP: (AdjP) P–P : P (PP)–P : P DP–NP: (D) N–N : AdjP N –N : N PP–N : N (PP)•The X in X-bar theory is a variable over categories. When we talk of XP, we mean to be describing any kind of phrase (VP, NP, AdjP, AdvP, PP, TP, CP, …).–AdjP: (AdvP) Adj –Adj : Adj (PP)–VP: V–V : AdvP V–V : V PP–V : V AdvP–V : V ({NP/CP})X-bar theory–PP: (AdjP) P–P : P (PP)–P : P DP–NP: (D) N–N : AdjP N –N : N PP–N : N (PP)•The rules all have the following form:•XP: ZP X X : (YP) X•X : X (YP) X : X (WP)–AdjP: (AdvP) Adj –Adj : Adj (PP)–VP: V–V : AdvP V–V : V PP–V : V AdvP–V : V ({NP/CP})X-bar theory•X-bar theory elevates this to a principle of phrase structure; it
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