CAS LX 522 Syntax IFall 2000 November 13, 2000Paul Hagstrom Week 10: Movement TheoryMovement TheoryNP-movement: (passives, raising…)(1) Johni seems [ ti to speak Mandarin].(2) * Johni seems [ ti speaks Mandarin].“Tensed S constraint”NP-movement can’t escape a tensed IP.(3) Johni is known ti to have beaten Bill.(4) * Johni is known Bill to have beaten ti.“Specified subject condition”NP-movement can’t cross an overt subject.(5) John likes [me to win].(6) Johni likes [himselfi to win].(7) * Johni thinks [himselfi won].(8) Johni thinks [hei won].(9) Johni knows [himselfi to have met Bill].(10) * Johni knows [Bill to have met himselfi].A trace of NP-movement is an anaphor.Traces of wh-movement are r-expressions.Principle C says R-expressions must be free.(11) Whoi does John like ti ?(12) * Whoi does hei like ti ?SCO (=whoi likes himselfi?)(13) * Whoi did hei tell Mary that John likes ti?(=whoi told Mary that John likes himi?)(14) * Whoi did [hisi boss] see ti ?WCO (=whosei boss saw himi?)Crossover. A variable cannot be coindexed with apronoun on its left.(15) Everyonei said that hei saw Mary.(16) * Hei saw everyonei.(=e.o.i saw himselfi).(17) * [Hisi boss] saw everyonei.(=e.o.i’s boss saw himi).(18) Parla italiano. Italian(19) Habla español. Spanish(20) * Speaks English.EPP: SpecIP must be filled. With what?(21) pro parla italiano.(22) Giannii ha detto che proi parla italiano.John has said that — speaks Italian‘Johni has said that hei/j speaks Italian.’(23)Che allenatorei ti pensa che i giocatori loi odiano?‘Which manageri thinks the players hate himi?’(24)*Che all.i proi pensa che i giocatori odiano ti?‘Which mgr.i does hei think the players hate ti?’pro is a pronoun, just silent.Some languages allow pro (null) subjects.• Agreement (recoverability)• V2 seems to prevent null subjects.A separate category: Ellipsis of all kinds…(Mandarin)(25) Q: Zhangsan kanjian Lisi le ma?Zhangsan see Lisi ASP Q‘Did Zhangsan see Lisi?’ A: Zhangsan shuo [ — kanjian — le]Zhangsan say see ASP‘Zhangsan says (he) saw (him)’Two parameters:[±Recoverable deletion] (licenses ellipsis)[±Strong agreement] (licenses pro)“pro-drop”X-bar Theory Case Theory3θ-Theory 3Movement Theory Binding TheoryMove-α Move any category anywhere.Idea: Derive the conditions on movement fromgeneral constraints. If there’s a reason to movesomething, it can be moved.TSC, SSC derived already, NP-trace is an anaphor.EPP: SpecIP must be filled.[+Q]-CP: A [+Q] C must have a [+wh] specifier. Cyclicity condition:(26)[CP [which car]i [C′ did [IP you think [CP ti′ (that) [IP John would fix ti ]]]]]? Wh-island constraint:(27)[CP [which car]i [C′ do [IP you wonder[CP whenj [IP John will fix ti tj ]]]]]?Wh-island constraint reduces to cyclicity. Complex NP condition:(28)[DP the man [CP whoi [IP ti can fix the car]]](29)?? [CP [which car]i [C′ have [IP you met[DP the man [CP whoi [IP ti can fix tj]]]]]]Ah, cyclicity…?(30)[DP the rumor [CP that [IP Bill fixed the car]]](31)?? [CP [which car]i [C′ did [IP you hear [DP the rumor [CP that [IP Bill fixed ti]]]]]?No, just the Complex NP constraint.Can we do better, can we reduce them to one?(32)[CP [which car]i did [IP you think[CP ti′ (that) [IP John would fix ti ...(33)* [CP [which car]i did [IP you wonder[CP whenj [IP John will fix ti tj ...(34)* [CP [which car]i have [IP you met[DP the man [CP whoj [IP tj can fix ti ...(35)* [CP [which car]i did [IP you hear[DP the rumor [CP ti′ that [IP Bill fixed ti ..SubjacencyMovement cannot cross more than one boundingnode in a single stepBounding nodes: IP and DP.Subjacency derives:Cyclicity condition (hence wh-island constraint)Complex DP condition (both rumor-type and relative clauses)(36) ItalianTuo fratello (‘your brother’),[CP a cuii [IP mi domando to whom I wonder[CP che storiei [IP abbiano raccontato ti tj]]]],which stories they-have toldera molto preoccupato (‘was very worried’).(37)* Tuo fratello,[CP a cuii temo [DP la possibilità che abbiano to whom I-fear the possibility that they-haveraccontato tutto ti], ...told everything, ...CNPC islands are respected, wh-islands aren’t?(38) Mi sto domandandoI am wondering[CP a chii potrei chiedere ti [CP quandoj dovrò to whom I-may ask when I’ll-have-toparlare di questo argomento tj ]]speak about this topic(39)* Questo argomento, [di cuik mi sto domandando This topic of which I am wondering[CP a chi potrei chiedereto whom I-may ask[CP quando dovrò parlare tk]]]when I’ll-have-to speakmi sembra sempre più complicatoto-me seems ever more complicatedItalian bounding nodes: CP and DP. (Rizzi 1982)Arguments and adjuncts.(40)?Whose cari were you wondering how to fix ti?(Ed’s car...I was wondering how to fix Ed’s car.)(41)*Howi were you wondering whose car to fix ti?(With a wrench...I was wondering whose car to fix with a wrench.)What makes these different?(42) VP... RuVP VP how11with a wrenchV′ V′33V which car VEd’s carHeads are divided into two kinds:Lexical: N, V, A, PFunctional: C, I, DProper Government (first attempt)Government by a lexical head.Empty Category Principle (ECP)Traces must be properly governed(43) Howi did you fix the car ti ?Proper Government (final version)α properly governs β iff (i) α governs β and a is a lexical heador (ii) α antecedent-governs β.Antecedent Government (first attempt)α, a moved category, antecedent-governs β iffi) α binds β (c-commands & co-indexed)ii) no more than one blocking categorydominates β but not α.‘…if moving from β to α would not violate Subjacency’(Subjacency is very strong for adjuncts…?)(44) ? Which songi were you wondering [ whether the band will play ti ]?(45) * Which bandi were you wondering [whether ti will play that song]?(46) ? Which cari do you know how to fix ti?(47) * Whoi do you know how ti will fix the car?(48) Which bandi did you consider [ ti to be the best ]?Subjects are not usually lexically governed; and when not, they are subject to the ECP.Adjuncts that violate the ECP(that is, that are not antecedent-governed)violate Subjacency too, right?Do we really need both the ECP and Subjacency?(49) Zhangsan yiwei Lisi mai-le shenme?Z. thinks L bought what‘What does Zhangsan think Lisi bought?’(50) Zhangsan xiang-zhidao Lisi mai-le shenme.Z.
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