1Episode 5a. TP, Agree, and ourquickly growing tree5.1-5.3CAS LX 522Syntax IOn beyond v Our trees have now expanded beyondbeing mere VPs to being vPs. The Hierarchy of Projections: v > V Once you have finished the VP (uninterpretable selectionfeatures are checked), if there’s a v on the workbench,Merge it. The UTAH: NP, daughter of vP: Agent NP, daughter of VP: Theme PP, daughter of V′: Goal NP, daughter of V′: Possessee But this is only the beginning.Auxiliaries and modals and verbs Consider the following: I ate. I could eat. I had eaten. I was eating. I had been eating. I could have eaten. I could be eating. I could have been eating. So: could, have, be, eat. How do wedetermine what form each verb takes?Auxiliaries and modals and verbs What are these things? Have: Perfective (aspect) I have eaten. I had eaten. Be: Progressive (aspect) I am eating. I was eating. Could: Modal I can eat. I could eat. I shall eat. I should eat. Imay eat. I might eat. I will eat. I would eat.Auxiliaries and modals and verbs Consider the following: I could have been eating. *I could be having eaten. *I was canning have eaten. *I had cannen be eating. *I was having cannen eat. *I had been canning eat. It looks like there’s an order: Modal, Perf, Prog, verb.Auxiliaries and modals and verbs Suppose: Have is of category Perf. Be is of category Prog. May, might, can, could are of category M. They are heads from the lexicon, we willMerge them into the tree above vP. Theirorder is captured by a new improvedHierarchy of Projections: Modal > Perf > Prog > v > V Except not every sentence has these. So: (Modal) > (Perf) > (Prog) > v > V2Negation Consider the following: I did not eat. I could not eat. I had not eaten. I was not eating. I had not been eating. I could not have been eating. Suppose not is of category Neg. How do we describe where not occurs?How can we fit it into our Hierarchy ofProjections?Where does Neg fit? Suppose that we can fit Neg in our Hierarchyof Projections. Just like the other things wejust added. (Modal) > (Perf) > (Prog) > v > V Where would it go in the HoP, and how canwe explain the word order patterns? I could not have been eating. I had not been eating. I was not eating. I did not eat. Remember v and how we explained wherethe verb is in I gave a book to Ed?A-ha. Picture this: I ?+might not <might> have been eating. I ?+had not <had> been eating. I ?+was not <was> eating. So what is ?, then? He did not eat. He ate. He does not eat. He eats. All that do seems to be doing there isproviding an indication of…tense.HoP revisited So, now we know where Neg goes.Above all the other things, but belowtense (category T). T > (Neg) > (M) > (Perf) > (Prog) > v > V Just as V moves to v, so doPerf, Prog, and M move to T. If Neg is there, you can see it happen. They T+shall not <shall> be eating lunch. They T+shall <shall> be eating lunch.What does do do? But what about when there’s just a verb andNeg, but no M, Perf, or Prog? I ate lunch. I did not eat lunch. Eat clearly does not move to T. But not “gets in the way”, so tense cannot“see” the verb. Instead, the meaninglessverb do is pronounced, to “support” tense.“Do-support.” We will return to the details in due course…So, we have T We’ve just added a category T, tense. The idea: The tense of a clause (past,present) is the information that T brings tothe structure. T has features like [T, past] or [T, pres] Or perhaps [T, past] or [T, nonpast]. These features are interpretable on T. T iswhere tense “lives.” We see reflections ofthese tense features on verbs (give, gave,go, went) but they are just reflections.Agreement. The interpretable tense featuresdon’t live on verbs, they live on T.3Pat might eat lunch. We already know how this issupposed to work, to a point. Select:Pat [N, …]v [v, uN, …]eat [V, uN, …]lunch [N, …]might [M, …]T [T, past] Merge eat and lunch, checkingthe uN feature of eat (andassigning a θ-role to lunch,namely Theme—this is NPdaughter of VP).eat[V, uN, …]lunch[N, …]NPVVPv[v, uN, …]NPPatPat might eat lunch. Select:Pat [N, …]v [uN, …]eat [V, uN, …]lunch [N, …]might [M, …]T [T, past] Merge v and the VP eat lunch, inconformance with the Hierarchy ofProjections. v projects, and still has auN feature.NPVVPv′ [v, u N, …]v[v, uN, …]eat lunchNPPatPat might eat lunch. Select:Pat [N, …]v [uN, …]eat [V, uN, …]lunch [N, …]might [M, …]T [T, past] Merge v and the VP eat lunch, inconformance with the Hierarchy ofProjections. v projects, and still has auN feature. Move the V eat up to v.NPVVPv′ [v, u N, …]veat lunchNPPatPat might eat lunch. Select:Pat [N, …]v [uN, …]eat [V, uN, …]lunch [N, …]might [M, …]T [T, past] Merge v and the VP eat lunch, inconformance with the Hierarchy ofProjections. v projects, and still has auN feature. Move the V eat up to v. Merge Pat with v′ to check the uNfeature and assign a θ-role (Agent,this is NP daughter of vP).NP<eat>VPv′ [v, u N, …]vPNPPatv+VeatlunchPat might eat lunch. Select:Pat [N, …]v [uN, …]eat [V, uN, …]lunch [N, …]might [M, …]T [T, past] So, now what do we do with might? And eat lunch Pat shall. What Pat should do is eat lunch. It kind of seems like it goes betweenthe subject and the verb, but how?NPVPv′ [v, u N, …]vPlunch<eat>v+VeatNPPatPat might eat lunch. Pat [N, …]v [uN, …]eat [V, uN, …]lunch [N, …]might [M, …]T [T, past] If we leave everything as it isso far (UTAH, Hierarchy ofProjections), the only option isto Merge might with the vPwe just built. So, let’s.NPVPv′ [v, u N, …]vPlunchMmight[M, …]<eat>v+VeatNPPat4Pat might eat lunch. Pat [N, …]v [uN, …]eat [V, uN, …]lunch [N, …]might [M, …]T [T, past] Now, we have one more thingon our workbench (T) and theHoP says that once we finishwith M, we Merge it with T. And so Merge T, we shall.NPVPv′ [v, u N, …]vPlunchMmight[M, …]MP<eat>v+VeatNPPatPat might eat lunch. Pat [N, …]v [uN, …]eat [V, uN, …]lunch [N, …]might [M, …]T [T, past] Then, M moves up to T. Why? Because M, Perf, and Prog allmove up to T. For the same kind ofreason that V moves up to v. Right now we
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