CAS LX 522 Syntax IThe forest vs. the treesSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15The Y modelSlide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22The planBut first, some clarifications…Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34And now, q-theoryVerbs and argumentsSlide 37PredicatesSubcategorizationSelectionThe lexiconThematic relationsSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45q-roles-rolesThe Theta CriterionSlide 49Theta GridsSlide 51Slide 52How this worksSlide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58The Projection PrincipleThe Theta Criterion in actionSlide 61Complications aboundBill ran (a mile)PassiveLexical derivationSlide 66Slide 67Bill ate (a sandwich)Slide 69Slide 70The EPPSlide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76It is likely…Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80That is likely.Slide 82q-TheorySlide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87A couple of loose endsSlide 89Slide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Unaccusatives vs. unergativesSlide 95For next time:Week 4. Theory and the Big PictureCAS LX 522Syntax IThe forest vs. the trees•Let’s take a moment to look at what we’ve done and lay out where we’re going.•The underlying goal is to lay out a model of this subconscious knowledge of sentence structure that we have; a system which predicts what speakers find grammatical and ungrammatical.The forest vs. the trees•All we have from the outset is data and intuition as to how the system works; we look at the data, we draw generalizations, we formulate hypotheses, and we look at more data to see how the predictions of our hypotheses fared.The forest vs. the trees•We started out looking at sentences to see what makes a sentence?•Looks like sentences need a subject, kind of centered around a noun, and a predicate, usually kind of centered around a verb.•The subject part can have other stuff, not just the noun (adjectives, etc.), and the verb part can have other stuff, not just the verb (adverbs, etc.).•So, we laid out some hypotheses as to what the subject and the predicate could contain.The forest vs. the trees•We noticed that the things which can be subjects (we called then “noun phrases” because of the intuitive centrality of the noun) can also be objects of verbs or of prepositions, we noticed where the adjectives and prepositional phrases seem to be able occur with respect to the noun and so forth.•Looking deeper, with the idea of constituency in mind, we continued to revise our hypotheses until we came up with rules for the noun phrase and the verb phrase and the other components of the sentence that seemed to share a lot of common properties.The forest vs. the trees•The fact that pretty much any kind of phrase that we looked at seemed to have roughly the same properties suggested a further, bigger hypothesis about how Language works:•X-bar theory: The hierarchical structure of sentences is constructed (only) of phrases that conform to the X-bar template.The forest vs. the trees•Along the way, we discovered that if we assume X-bar theory is right, we probably had mis-named the phrase which can be the subject of a sentence or an object of the verb; based on the evidence from possessor phrases, we determined that what we thought was a “noun phrase”, headed by a noun, was actually a “determiner phrase” headed by a determiner (and containing a noun phrase headed by a noun).The forest vs. the trees•In general, this is how we’ll progress; we consider some part of the data, form hypotheses based on the generalizations we see, and then look for data that we don’t account for.•Right now, we have the basic tools we need to diagram the structures of sentences (categories, X-bar theory), but that’s by no means the end of the story…The forest vs. the trees•There are several large areas we need to address. First of all, simply drawing a tree that conforms to X-bar theory doesn’t guarantee that we’re going to have a grammatical sentence.•Theta theory and subcategorization are the major components of our final theory which help make sure that our structures are legitimate. These are going to be our main topics today.The forest vs. the trees•Another major component of syntax is movement, which has many complex properties.•In general, the idea is that sentences like these–John will leave.–Will John leave?•Are related in a meaningful way.The forest vs. the trees•The underlying view of the grammatical system has us starting with something like:–John will leave•…in either case, and if you are trying to form a yes-no question, you will additionally move will from where you see it above to where you see it below:–Will John — leave?The forest vs. the trees•That means that there are two levels involved in the generation of a sentence (where we our system is supposed to, in the end, generate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language).•There’s the first level (John will leave), which is sometimes called the Deep Structure or D-Structure or DS representation of the sentence.•Then, there’s a second level, after any movement has happened (Will John leave?), and this is what we pronounce. This is sometimes called the Surface Structure or S-Structure or SS representation.The forest vs. the trees•In fact, there’s even a third level; it’s a level conceptually after the one we pronounce.•Consider:–Everyone bought something.–…I don’t remember what that thing was, though.–…but they all bought different things.The forest vs. the trees•Everyone bought something–For every person x:for something y:x bought y.–For some thing y: for every person x:x bought y.•These are renditions of the two meanings in a “logical form”; they differ in whether everyone or someone comes first.The forest vs. the trees•The idea is that after S-Structure there can be more movement to yield the Logical Form (or LF).•There are two possibilities for Everyone bought something. It’s ambiguous, like I saw the man on the hill with the binoculars.•We might say that one one meaning (every…some…) no movement occurs, but on the other meaning (some…every…) something moves over everyone.•something everyone bought —The Y model•This overall view of grammar has this shape (something like an inverted Y)DSSSLFPFMeaning is readoff of Logical FormD-Structure is theunderlying formPhonetic Form isthe pronunciationOvert movementCovert
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