1Installment 10b. Raising, etc.8.2.6-8.4(v1.2)CAS LX 522Syntax ISentences inside sentences Last time we began looking atembedded sentences. Embedded sentences can be finite: Shannon claimed [that she could catch a fish]. Or nonfinite: Michael wants [PRO to leave]. Jin wants [Michael to return the watch]. Sun arranged [for him to return the watch].Embedded clauses Embedded finite clauses are CPs, with acomplementizer (that or Ø). Shannon claimed [CP that she could catch a fish]. Shannon claimed [CP Ø she could catch a fish]. Embedded nonfinite clauses have to as T, andcan be CPs or bare TPs— the distinction isdetermined by case properties of the verb. Michael wants [CP ØNULL PRONULL to leave] Jin wantsACC [TP MichaelACC to return the watch]. Sun arranged [CP forACC himACC to return the watch]. Nonfinite T does not assign case, so the subjectmust get case (have its [case] feature checked)in some other way.Seems Now, we’ll turn to another kind ofembedded nonfinite clause. Charlie seems [to dislike bees]. This looks a little bit like: Charlie tried [to sneak away]. Which is really: Charlie tried [PRO to sneak away]. Charlie is the Agent of try. PRO (=Charlie) is the Agent of sneak. So, what about Charlie seems to dislikebees? What θ-roles go to Charlie?Charlie seems to receive(just) one θ-role Seems can also embed a finite clause, soconsider the pair: Charlie seems to dislike bees. It seems that Charlie dislikes bees. The it in the second sentence is the same itwe find in It rained. It does not get a θ-role,because rain doesn’t have any θ-roles. Weonly have it there because sentences needsubjects (EPP: T has a [uD*] feature). So what θ-roles does seem assign?Seem seems to assign(just) one θ-role. What seem (and appear) mean whenpaired with an embedded sentence is thatthe proposition expressed by theembedded sentence appears true. There’s only one participant in a seeming,the Proposition. It seems [that seem assigns one θ-role]. So, seem assigns a Proposition θ-role(structurally, to its sister, the CP daughter ofV′), and nothing else (hence, it is needed tocheck the EPP feature).2Back to Charlie It seems [that Charlie dislikes bees]. Charlie seems [to dislike bees]. These two sentences mean basically thesame thing. Dislike assigns two θ-roles, we might sayExperiencer and Theme. It’s the same verb dislike in both sentences.So, we presume that the bottom of bothtrees will look the same…Disliking bees Starting with It seems that Charlie dislikes bees,we would build a vP that looks like this: V (dislike) assigns a Theme θ-role to the DP bees. vExperiencer assigns an Experiencer θ-role to the DP Charlie.VdislikeVPv′vvPvExperiencer<V> DPnPbeesDØindefDPnPCharlieDØproperDisliking bees And then we add T and C to getthat Charlie dislikes bees… The [case] feature of Charlie is valuedand checked by the [nom] feature of T. The [uInfl:] feature of v is valued andchecked by T: [uInfl:pres3sg]. The [uclause-type:] feature of T isvalued and checked by the [clause-type:Decl] feature of C.VdislikeVPDPbeesv′vvP<DP>T′T[pres]TPDPCharliev<V>CPCthatDisliking bees And then we addthe main clause(seem, v, T, it, C)vPT′T[pres]TPDPCharlieCPCthatVseemVPvPvv<V>T′T[pres]TPDPItCPCØDECLVdislikeVPDPbeesv′vvP<DP>v<V>Disliking beesvPT′T[pres]TPDPCharlieCPCthatVseemVPvPvv<V>T′T[pres]TPDPItCPCØDECLVdislikeVPDPbeesv′vvP<DP>v<V> Charlie seems to dislikebees First, does Charlie get aθ-role from seem? Well, no. Seem onlyassigns the one θ-role. So, unlike in Charlie tried[PRO to elude thebees], we have asmany DPs as we have θ-roles.Disliking beesvPT′T[pres]TPDPCharlieCPCthatVseemVPvPvv<V>T′T[pres]TPDPItCPCØVdislikeVPDPbeesv′vvP<DP>v<V> Charlie seems to dislike bees. So, what θ-role doesCharlie get? Still seems to be theExperiencer of dislike. So, suppose that Charliestarts out in the sameplace, SpecvP. But now, after building vP,we add a nonfinite T…3Disliking bees So, we have Charlie to dislikebees… The [uInfl:] feature of v is valued andchecked by T: [uInfl:none]. Nonfinite T has no [uclause-type:]feature. The [case] feature of Charlie is stillunchecked, since nonfinite T has nocase feature.VdislikeVPDPbeesv′vvP<DP>MPMtoT′T[inf]v<V>TPDPCharlieDisliking bees Can we add a C to this? Let’s assume not, by the followingreasoning: The only C that is compatible witha nonfinite T is ØNULL, that assignsnull case to PRO. Charlie is notPRO, so it can’t get null case. So,this is just a TP, not a CP.VdislikeVPDPbeesv′vvP<DP>v<V>MPT′TPDPCharlieMtoT[inf]Disliking bees So, we addseem, taking ourTP (Charlie todislike bees) asits Propositioncomplement.VdislikeVPDPbeesv′vvP<DP>v<V>VseemVPvPvv<V>MPT′TPDPCharlieMtoT[inf]Disliking bees We add T… Charlie has [case] tocheck. Checked ([nom]) by T T has [nom], [uD*], and [uφ:] features to check. [nom] checked valuing case onCharlie. [uφ:3sg] matches[φ:3sg] feature on Charlie.[uD*] remains. seem (v) has [uInfl:] tocheck [uInfl:pres3sg], valued by[tense:pres] and [uφ:3sg] on T.VP<V> beesV+vdislikeT′T[pres]v′vP<DP>VseemVPvPvv<V>MPT′TPDPCharlieMtoT[inf]Disliking bees Finally, we moveCharlie up to checkthe EPP ([uD*])feature of T. (Subject (-to-subject)) RaisingTP<DP>VseemVPvPvv<V>T′T[pres]TPDPCharlieVP<V> beesV+vdislikev′vP<DP>MPT′MtoT[inf]Idioms Recall our idea about idioms: For somethingto have an idiomatic interpretation (aninterpretation not literally derivable from itscomponent words), the pieces need to bevery close together when initially Merged. Ortega took a dive. Now, we have idiomatic interpretations here: It seems that the jig is up. It seems that the cat is out of the bag. It seems that the cat has your tongue.4Idioms If pieces of the idiom move away after theoriginal Merge, we can still get the idiomaticinterpretation: [The cat]i seems ti to have your tongue. [The cat]i seems ti to be out of the bag. [The jig]i seems ti to be up. The important thing is that they be originallyMerged together (the θ-role needs to beassigned by the predicate to the noun).Compare: [The cat] tried to have your tongue. [The cat] arranged to be out of the bag. (What’s different? Why no idiomatic meaning?)Other raising verbs So far, we’ve only talked
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