1CAS LX 522 Syntax IFall 2000 November 20, 2000Paul Hagstrom Week 11: Language Variation…Headedness & V-movement2(1) CP3Spec C′3CIP3DPiI′Subject 3IVP3tiV′3VDPVerb Object(2) John bought a book. English S V O(3) John-ga hon-o kaimasita. JapaneseJohn-NOM book-ACC bought. S O V3(4) CPqpSpec C′qpIP CqpDPiI′Subject qpVP IqptiV′qpDP VObject verbHead parameter: Head-initial (English)Head-final (Japanese)(5) John-ga hon-o kaimasita ka ? J.John-NOM book-ACC bought Q‘Did John buy a book?’4German(6) Mary sagt, dass Hans den Ball gekauft hat.Mary said that Hans the ball bought has‘Mary said that Hans has bought the ball.’(7) CP3Spec C′3CIPdass 3DPiI′Hans 3VP I3 hattiV′3DP Vden Ball gekauftGerman: head-initial: CP (, DP, AP, PP)head-final: VP, IP(“Mixed headedness”)5Languages can very with respect to the order ofHead and Complement (Headedness parameter).However: Spec always seems to precede X′.(8) Hans kaufte den Ball. GermanHans bought the ball(9) * Hans den Ball kaufte.Hans the ball bought(10) Hans hat den Ball gekauft.Hans has the ball bought(11) * Hans den Ball gekauft hat.Hans the ball bought hasTrouble for saying German (VP) is head-final?6(12) Gestern kaufte Hans den Ball.yesterday bought Hans the ball(13) * Gestern Hans den Ball kaufte.yesterday Hans the ball bought(14) Im Park hat Hans den Ball gekauft.in.the park has Hans the ball bought(15) * Im Park Hans den Ball gekauft hat.in.the park Hans the ball bought has(16) * Im Park Hans hat den Ball gekauft.in.the park Hans has the ball boughtFinite verb follows the first constituent.The verb must be second.(Assuming German also abides by the EPP)The first thing seems to precede IP.Where is it? Compare: What did John buy?(“Residual V2” in English).7(17) CP qpPPjC′im Park qpCIPrU 3IkCDPiI′hat Hans 3VP tkRuVP tj3tiV′3DP Vden Ball gekauft(18) Mary sagt, dass Hans den Ball gekauft hat.Mary said that Hans the ball bought has‘Mary said that Hans has bought the ball.’Why no V2 in embedded clauses?8It gets sort of complicated—A story for German?(19) Er sagt, ‘he says’dass die Kinder diesen Film gesehen habenthat the children this film seen have(20) Er sagt ‘he says’diesen Film haben die Kinder gesehenthis film have the children seenOk, V can’t move (to I and then) to Cbecause C is full of dass in embedded clauses.(21) What has John bought?(22) What did Mary say that John has bought?(23) What did Mary say John has bought?(24) * What did Mary say has John bought?That can’t be the explanation for why V2 isrestricted to matrix clauses in English.Plus, other Germanic languages do allow V2 inembedded clauses (Icelandic, Yiddish).9English residual V2 also in negative preposing:(25) Never have I seen such a thing.(26) * Never I have seen such a thing.(27) Under no circumstances should you sleep.(28) * Under no circumstances you should sleep.(29) Ed said that never had he seen such a thing.(30) * Ed said that never he had seen such a thing.To handle this requires changing our view of thephrase structure somewhat.(31) CP1“CP recursion”?1C1′3C1CP2Is CP2 really a CP?that 3 ...to be continuedAdvP C2′ in Syntax IInever 3C2IPhad ...10We’ve seen SVO and SOV…(32) Phóg Máire an lacharachán Irishkissed Mary the leprechaun‘Mary kissed the leprechaun.’(33) Tá Máire ag-pógáil an lacharachánis Mary ing-kiss the leprechaun‘Mary is kissing the leprechaun.’So, VSO comes from VIC?(34) An bhfaca tú an madra?Q see you the dog‘Did you see the dog?’(35) Duirt mé gur phóg Máire an lucharachán.said I that kissed Mary the leprechaun‘I said that Mary kissed the leprechaun.’Same problem we were having before with V2…VIC seems to require a “CP recursion”analysis.An alternative possibility…11(36) ra÷a-a l-÷awlaad-u Zayd-an Std Arabicsaw-3S the-boys-NOM Zayd-ACC‘The boys saw Zayd.’ (VSO)(37) l-÷awlaad-u ra÷a-w Zayd-anthe-boys-NOM saw-3PL Zayd-ACC‘The boys saw Zayd.’ (SVO)(38) IP3 Spec-head agreementDPiI′ l-÷awlaad-u 3IVPra÷a-wj3tiV′3tjZayd-an12(39) IP3proexpI′3IVPra÷a-aj3DP V′ l-÷awlaad-u 3tjZayd-anEPP!? We must suppose Std. Arabic has anexpletive pro… (like it in English). (40)za’amu-u ÷anna-u ra÷a-a l-÷awlaad-u Zayd-an.claimed-3PL that-it saw-3S the-boys-NOM Zayd-ACC‘They claimed that the boys saw Zayd.’(41)za’amu-u ÷anna l-÷awlaad-a ra÷a-w Zayd-anclaimed-3PL that the-boys-NOM saw-3PL Zayd-ACC‘They claimed that the boys saw Zayd.’13(42) An bhfaca tú an madra? IrishQ see you the dog‘Did you see the dog?’(43) C′ (Alternative II)3CIPAn 3DP I′proexp3IVPbhfacaj3DP V′tú 3tjDPan madra(44) Duirt mé gur phóg Máire an lucharachán.said I that kissed Mary the leprechaun‘I said that Mary kissed the leprechaun.’…and Icelandic, and Yiddish……but English residual V2?14Interim summary:• head-initial vs. head-finalEnglish: head-initial, SVOJapanese: head-final, SOVGerman: mixed (SOV, but prepositions, …)• V2: German: VIC, SpecCP must be filled.English: VIC1 when SpecCP is filled.• VSO:Irish: VIC1, SpecCP is left empty.orArabic (option): VI, SpecIP has proexp.15Wh-movement(45) Whoi did John persuade ti to buy what?(46) John e vidjal Mary BulgarianJohn has seen Mary‘John has seen Mary’(47) Koj kogo e vidjal?who whom has seen‘Who has seen whom’(48) * Koj e vidjal kogo?who has seen whom(‘Who has seen whom’)(49) * Kogo koj e vidjal ?whom who has seen(‘Who has seen whom’)16(50) John-ga hon-o katta. JapaneseJohn-nom book-acc bought‘John bought a book.’(51) John-ga nani-o katta no?John-NOM what-ACC bought Q‘What did John buy?’(52) Dare-ga nani-o katta no?who-NOM what-ACC bought Q‘Who bought what?’(53) Qui as-tu vu? FrenchWho have-you seen‘Who have you seen?’(54) Tu as vu qui?You have seen who‘Who have you seen?’It seems like there are at least two dimensions:• SpecCP[+Q] needs a wh-word (at SS). “[+Q]-CP”• Wh-words need to be in SpecCP[+Q] (at SS).17C[+Q] needs a wh wh needs C[+Q].English Yes NoBulgarian ? YesFrench Yes/No NoJapanese No NoBut every language ends up like Bulgarian at LF:(55) CPqpSpec C′Ru 3Spec whatjC[+Q]IPwhoi#... ti ... tj ...All of the wh-words need to end up in SpecCP.(56) Whoi ti bought what?(57) * What did who
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