CAS LX 522 Syntax ISome mid-term policy decisions and clarificationsProper namesMatrix clauses are CPs…Predicate-internal subjectsInternal subjects and auxiliariesEPP: ClarificationExpletives and q-rolesGovernmentSlide 10Slide 11CaseSlide 13Slide 14CPECMSlide 17Back to business…Recall…Slide 20Slide 21Reluctance to leaveSlide 23Slide 24Reluctance…Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28If there’s a PRO, how do we know?Slide 30IdiomsSlide 32Slide 33Slide 34ControlSubject and object controlPROarb“Control theory”Slide 39The PRO conundrumSlide 41Slide 42Control TheoryPRO: One possible piece of supportSlide 45PRO: recapBack to raisingSlide 48Slide 49Side note: ChainsSlide 51Italian subjectsSlide 53Little proSlide 55Features and checkingSlide 57Features of TSlide 59Spec-head agreementSpecTPSlide 62Slide 63Slide 64Case checking seems symmetricalMoving to Case positionsSlide 67Slide 68So where are we?Wh-questionsSlide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75For next time:Week 8. Control and PROCAS LX 522Syntax ISome mid-term policy decisions and clarifications•Proper names in English as DPs with Ø D.•Full clauses are CPs•Predicate-internal subjects, auxiliaries, nonfinite clauses.•EPP holds in nonfinite clauses•Expletives don’t get -roles.•ECM, embedded TPs.Proper names•Henceforth, we will consider proper names in English to be DPs with a Ø D head, in order to capture the crosslinguistically common form of proper names the Bill, as well as to allow for the Bill I know, etc.DØDDPNNPBillNMatrix clauses are CPs…•We will also consider all matrix clauses to be full CPs.•In questions, we need a CP headed by a [+Q] morpheme in C.•In declaratives, we will assume that we have a CP headed by a (null) [–Q] morpheme.CCCP[–Q]TTTPshould…DPBillPredicate-internal subjects•VP-Internal Subject HypothesisThe subject of a verb originates in the specifier of VP at DS.•This goes for other subjects of other predicates, e.g., small clauses like I find Bill intolerable.•All -roles are assigned within the predicate’s own XP.VVVP…DSTTDP…VVAAPDPAintolerableBillfindInternal subjects and auxiliaries•Note that this means that the subject has to be in the specifier of the main verb in cases where there are auxiliaries. Not in the specifier of the auxiliary verb—it’s the main verb which assigns the -roles.•Also note: This has nothing to do with whether the clause is finite or not—this has to do with VP (or AP, etc.), not with TP. The subject is always in the specifier of the predicate.DPlunchVeatenVVPT[past]TDSVhaveVVPDPBill…EPP: Clarification•The EPP is a constraint on TP, it says that SpecTP must be filled.•It is not a property of finite T alone, it is a property of T in general. In particular, the SpecTP position of a nonfinite clause must be filled as well. This will be relevant later today.Expletives and -roles•Let me reiterate, the reason we have expletives at all is because we have a conflict between the -criterion and the EPP.–The EPP requires something in SpecTP.–The -criterion says we can only have as many arguments as there are -roles.•In it rains, it is not present at DS—it cannot be, because it cannot get a -role (since there is none around for it to get), but is inserted between DS and SS in order to satisfy the EPP.Government•These three environments–Sister–Specifier–Specifier of sister•…are together sometimes called the positions which are governed by the head X.YYYP…XXXPDPDPThe radius ofgovernmentGovernment•A Case-assigning head X can assign Case to a DP which is any of these positions.•Case-assignment can only take place between a Case-assigner and a DP within the radius of government.YYYP…XXXPDPDPThe radius ofgovernmentGovernment•Take this to be The Truth.•Bill wants me to leave.•Here the verb want assigns an Experiencer -role and a Proposition -role, the proposition assigned to the embedded clause.•Me is getting Case from want, apparently, since it is accusative.YYYP…XXXPDPDPThe radius ofgovernmentCase•This is how I drew the tree last time (and in fact how it is drawn in the book).•But can this be right?•Can want provideCase for me?C[–Q]CCPDPiBilltjVVPVj+TwantsTTPSSVPTtoTTPleaveVVtkDPk1sg…ti*Case•Answer: No.•Wantand me are too far apart.•Me is not in the government radius of want.C[–Q]CCPDPiBilltjVVPVj+TwantsTTPSSVPTtoTTPleaveVVtkDPk1sg…ti*Case•Instead, it must look like this, where there is no CP containing the embedded clause, just a bare TP.•Now, everything is fine.DPiBilltjVVPVj+TwantsTTPSSVPTtoTTPleaveVVtkDPk1sg…tiCP•So when do we have CP and when don’t we?•Finite clauses always have a CP (this includes matrix clauses now too.).•Nonfinite clauses generally don’t have a CP unless you can see it (unless there is a complementizer or some other evidence of CP).–I want for Bill to leave. (CP)–I want Bill to leave. (TP)–I don’t know what to buy. (CP)ECM•This configuration, where a Case-assigning predicate provides Case to the specifier of its sister, is sometimes called Exceptional Case Marking (ECM).•The idea was that it’s an unusual configuration for Case (not complement or specifier of the assigner).DPiBilltjVVPVj+TwantsTTPSSVPTtoTTPleaveVVtkDPk1sg…tiECM•Note! The textbook provides an altogether different analysis of how me gets Case in this sentence, under the name “object raising”.•Problem is, doing it the way the textbook does right now breaks X-bar theory and we don’t want to do that. So, for now, this is the official way to analyze these sentences.DPiBilltjVVPVj+TwantsTTPSSVPTtoTTPleaveVVtkDPk1sg…tiBack to business…•Mary is likely to leave.•Mary starts in SpecVP,gets a -role from leave.AdjlikelyAdjAdjPDPiMaryVVPT[pres]TTPDSVPTtoTTPleaveVVCC[–Q]CPVbeRecall…•Mary is likely to leave.•Mary starts in SpecVP,gets a -role from leave.•Mary moves up to the embedded SpecTP tosatisfy the EPP.•Mary still doesn’t have Case.AdjlikelyAdjAdjPDPiMarytjVVPVj+Tbe+[pres]TTPVPTtoTTPleaveVVtiCC[–Q]CPRecall…•Mary is likely to leave.•Mary starts in SpecVP,gets a -role from leave.•Mary moves up to the embedded SpecTP tosatisfy the EPP.•Mary still doesn’t have Case.•Mary moves up to main clause SpecTP, satisfying the EPP
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