CAS LX 522 Syntax IIt is likely…Reluctance to leaveSlide 4Slide 5Reluctance…Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9If there’s a PRO, how do we know?Slide 11IdiomsSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15ControlSubject and object controlPROarb“Control theory”Slide 20The PRO conundrumSlide 22Slide 23Control TheoryPRO: One possible piece of supportSlide 26PRO: recapItalian subjectsSlide 29Little proSlide 31Week 14b. PRO and controlWeek 14b. PRO and controlCAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IIt is likely…It is likely…This satisfies the EPP in This satisfies the EPP in bothboth clauses. The main clause clauses. The main clause has has MaryMary in SpecIP. The in SpecIP. The embedded clause has the embedded clause has the trace trace in SpecIP.in SpecIP.This specific instance of A-This specific instance of A-movement, where we move a movement, where we move a subject from an embedded subject from an embedded clause to a higher clause is clause to a higher clause is generally called generally called subject raisingsubject raising..AlikelyAPIPItoleaveVtiVPtjisIPIDPjMaryVPIDPVi+IReluctance to leaveReluctance to leaveNow, consider:Now, consider:Mary is reluctant to leave.Mary is reluctant to leave.This looks very similar to This looks very similar to Mary is likely to leaveMary is likely to leave..Can we draw the same kind of tree for it?Can we draw the same kind of tree for it?How many How many -roles does -roles does reluctant reluctant assign?assign?Reluctance to leaveReluctance to leaveReluctant Reluctant has has twotwo -roles to assign.-roles to assign.One to the one feeling the reluctance (One to the one feeling the reluctance (ExperiencerExperiencer))One to the proposition about which the reluctance holds One to the proposition about which the reluctance holds ((PropositionProposition))Leave Leave has one has one -role to assign.-role to assign.To the one doing the leaving (To the one doing the leaving (AgentAgent).).In In Mary is reluctant to leaveMary is reluctant to leave, what , what -role does -role does Mary Mary get?get?Reluctance to leaveReluctance to leaveIn In Mary is reluctant to leaveMary is reluctant to leave,,MaryMary is doing the leaving, gets is doing the leaving, gets AgentAgent from from leaveleave..MaryMary is showing the reluctance, gets is showing the reluctance, gets ExperiencerExperiencer from from reluctantreluctant..And we have a problem:And we have a problem:Mary Mary appears to be getting two appears to be getting two -roles, -roles, in violation of the in violation of the -criterion-criterion..Reluctance…Reluctance…Mary is reluctant to leave.Mary is reluctant to leave.ReluctantReluctant assigns its assigns its --roles within AP as roles within AP as required, required, MaryMary moves moves up to SpecIP in the main up to SpecIP in the main clause by Spellout.clause by Spellout.But what gets the But what gets the -role -role from from leaveleave, and what , and what satisfies the EPP for the satisfies the EPP for the embedded clause?embedded clause?AreluctantAAPDPiMarytjVPVj+IisIIPvPItoIIPleaveti?vVP?VVk+vtkReluctance…Reluctance…Mary is reluctant to leave.Mary is reluctant to leave.There must be There must be somethingsomething there, getting the there, getting the -role -role and satisfying the EPP.and satisfying the EPP.But we can’t see it.But we can’t see it.It’s a phonologically It’s a phonologically empty (Ø) DP. We will empty (Ø) DP. We will call it PRO.call it PRO.AreluctantAAPDPiMarytjVPVj+IisIIPvPItoIIPleaveti?vVP?VVk+vtkReluctance…Reluctance…Mary is reluctant to leave.Mary is reluctant to leave.There must be There must be somethingsomething there, getting the there, getting the -role -role and satisfying the EPP.and satisfying the EPP.But we can’t see it.But we can’t see it.It’s a phonologically It’s a phonologically empty (Ø) DP. We will empty (Ø) DP. We will call it PRO.call it PRO.AreluctantAAPDPiMarytjVPVj+IisIIPvPItoIIPleavetivVPVVk+vtktmDPmPROReluctance…Reluctance…Mary is reluctantMary is reluctant[PRO to leave].[PRO to leave].PRO does not get Case.PRO does not get Case.*Mary is reluctant Bill to leave.*Mary is reluctant Bill to leave.In fact, PRO In fact, PRO cannotcannot get Case. get Case.*Mary is reluctant for to leave*Mary is reluctant for to leaveMary is reluctant for Bill to leaveMary is reluctant for Bill to leavePRO refers (like a pronoun or PRO refers (like a pronoun or an anaphor) to an anaphor) to MaryMary..AreluctantAAPDPiMarytjVPVj+IisIIPvPItoIIPleavetivVPVVk+vtktmDPmPROIf there’s a PRO,If there’s a PRO,how do we know?how do we know?Mary is reluctant [PROMary is reluctant [PROmm to leave] to leave]MaryMaryii is likely [ is likely [ ttii to leave]. to leave].These two sentences look These two sentences look very muchvery much alike alike—when faced with a sentence that looks —when faced with a sentence that looks like this, how do we know which kind it like this, how do we know which kind it is?is?If there’s a PRO,If there’s a PRO,how do we know?how do we know?Best method for finding PRO:Best method for finding PRO: Count the Count the --roles. If there appear to be fewer roles. If there appear to be fewer arguments than arguments than -roles (in a grammatical -roles (in a grammatical sentence), there must be a PRO.sentence), there must be a PRO.Another way is to try with Another way is to try with idiomsidioms like like The The cat is out of the bagcat is out of the bag or or The cat’s got your The cat’s got your tonguetongue or or The jig is upThe jig is up..IdiomsIdiomsFor something to have an idiomatic For something to have an idiomatic interpretation (an interpretation not interpretation (an interpretation not literally derivable from its component literally derivable from its component words), the pieces need to be very close words), the pieces need to be very close together at the point of original Merge.together at the point of original Merge.It is likely that the jig is up.It is likely that the jig is up.It is likely that the cat is out of the bag.It is likely that the cat is out of the bag.It is likely that the cat has your tongue.It is likely that the cat has your
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