Things to review: LX522 Syntax I; Fall 2006; Dec 12, 2006 Case Nom from finite T no case from nonfinite T (T [inf], M to) Null case for PRO (from C ØNULL or from T [ing]) Acc from v—if v has a specifier (!-role assigned to it, Exp or Ag) of-case from n Acc from P !-roles/UTAH: Agent to SpecvAGENTP (DP daughter of vAGENTP) [TP John T [vP <John> bought flowers ]] Agent to SpecnAGENTP (DP daughter of nAGENTP) [DP John’s ØGEN [nP <John> buying of flowers]] Experiencer to SpecvEXPP (DP daughter of vEXPP) [TP John T [vP <John> heard a noise]] Experiencer to SpecnEXPP (DP daughter of nEXPP) [DP John’s ØGEN [nP <John> hearing of a noise]] Theme to DP daughter of VP [TP John T [vP <John> bought [VP flowers ] ]] Theme to DP daughter of NP [DP John’s ØGEN [nP <John> buying [DP of flowers] ]] Goal to PP sister of V [TP John T [vP gave [VP flowers <gave> [PP to Mary ]]] Goal to PP sister of V [DP John’s ØGEN [nP gift [NP of flowers <gift> [PP to Mary ]]] Possessor to SpecPossP (DP daughter of PossP) [DP John’s ØGEN [PossP <John> [nP house ]]] Proposition to TP or CP sister of V [TP John T [vP said [CP that he bought flowers ]]] [TP John T [vP considers [TP me to be annoying ]]] Proposition to TP or CP sister of N [DP John’s ØGEN [nP assertion [CP that he bought flowers ]]] [DP John’s ØGEN [nP expectation [TP of me to buy flowers ]]] Possessee to DP sister of VHAVE (double-object constructions only) [TP John T [vP <John> gave Mary [DP flowers]]]Wh-movement/phases/islands: Phases: C and complement are “frozen” when CP is finished. SpecCP is also “frozen” if the CP doesn’t get a !-role (adjunct) Wh-words must move to SpecCP in order to be able to move higher. “Islands” are cases where wh-words are trapped in a phase. Wh-island: wh-word needs to move higher but can’t move to intermediate SpecCP because it is already filled: *What did John wonder who bought? Adjunct island: Even SpecCP is invisible when phase completes (no !-role). *What did John kick the chair while Mary read? CNP island (DP island): DEFINITE SpecDP is not a good place for wh-words. *What did John read the book about? *What did John read my book about? but ok: What did John read a book about? but ok: What did John read books about? Binding theory: Binding: X binds Y if and only if X c-commands Y and X and Y are coindexed. Sharing an index implies sharing of reference. Binding is “assignment of reference” (from X to Y) Binding domain is “minimal TP containing Y.” Principle A: Anaphors must be bound within their binding domain. ok: John said [CP that [TP Maryi saw herselfi ] ] not: *Johni said [CP that [TP Mary saw himselfi ] ] not: *John said [CP that [TP herselfi saw Maryi ] ] Principle B: Pronouns must not be bound within their binding domain. ok: Johni said [CP that [TP Mary saw himi ] ] ok: Johni said [CP that [TP hei saw Mary ] ] not: *John said [CP that [TP Maryi saw heri ] ] Principle C: R-expressions (referring expressions) must not be bound at all. ok: [DP hisi mother ] told me that Johni skipped work. not: *Hei told me that [DP Johni’s mother ]i skipped work.PRO: PRO is a DP (essentially a pronoun) and can wind up in SpecTP. PRO can only get null case and must get null case. Null case can only come from ØNULL C or from [ing] T. PRO gets a !-role, it can only be there if there is an “extra” !-role. The referent of PRO can be the same as the higher subject (subject control verbs). John promised Mary [CP ØNULL [TP PRO to leave ] ] The referent of PRO can be the same as the higher object (object control verbs). John persuaded Mary [CP ØNULL [TP PRO to leave ] ] In some cases, PRO can be “arbitrary” [CP ØNULL PRO to leave now] would be a mistake. In ing adjuncts, PRO is generally controlled by the subject [CP Upon PRO hearing the complaint ] John called his lawyer. Raising/ECM: Raising verbs do not assign an “external” !-role (Agent, Proposition). The subject of a raising verb has come from its embedded proposition: [TP John seems [TP <John> to have left ] ] ECM verbs assign accusative case to the embedded subject. [TP John finds [TP me to be annoying ] ] It is easy to combine control, raising, and ECM verbs: John seems to want me to appear to have forced Bill to look to be grumpy. [TP John seems [TP <John> to want [TP me to appear raising ECM raising [TP <me> to force Bill [CP ØNULL PRO to look [TP <PRO> to be grumpy… obj.control raisingMary knows John’s innermost secrets. What does John know? Who did he say John was told to feed? John knows what Pat was told to feed us. *Who does John know what Pat was told to feed? After embarrassing himself, Pat left. *After snowing, Pat left. *Who did Pat leave after embarrassing? The consumption of beer is considered to have caused the problem. The story John was told caused him to cry. *Who did Mary meet a lawyer that introduced to her? What did Mary buy a bundle of? *What did Mary buy my bundle of? After sinking the Titanic, the iceberg melted. John seems to have persuaded Mary to promise to
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