CAS LX 522 Syntax IFall 2000 October 16, 2000Paul Hagstrom Week 6: ReviewReview of where we are….The structure of the grammar:DS phrase structure rules11 movement rulessurface structure (abstract) SS3 more movement rules“phonetic form” PF LF “logical form” (meaning)X′ Theory θ-Theory3 --> 333Case Theory Binding Theory(1) XP maximal projection3specifier XP X′ intermediate projection (X-bar)3head XZP complement(2) XPrUadjunct XP adjunction to XP3Spec X′rUadjunct X′ adjunction to X′3X complementrUYX adjunction to X°Adjunction allows for iteration (whereas there is only one specifier and one complement).Binary BranchingA node can dominate at most two branches.(3) CP Complementizer Phrase. Wh-words move into SpecCP.3 C is either [+Q] (Ø, if) or [–Q] (Ø, that)Spec C′ If C is [+Q], SpecCP needs a [+wh] element.3 C and SpecCP cannot both be overt (DFC)CIP Inflection Phrase.rU Quantifier Raising & Topicalization adjoin to IPXP IP SpecIP must be filled (EPP)3 Tense and agreement features (φ-features) in I.Spec I′ Spec-Head agreement: SpecIP agrees with I.3IVP Verb Phrase3 Subject starts in SpecVPSpec V′3VXPSpec-Head AgreementA head (X) and its specifier (SpecXP) must agree in the relevant features.“Relevant features” include: φ-features (person, number, gender) in SpecIP[Nominative Case] feature in SpecIP.[+Q]-CP PrincipleA [+Q]-CP must have a [+wh] specifier.Extended Projection Principle (EPP)Clauses must have a subject (that is, ‘The specifier of IP must be filled.’).The θ-role is the semantic role (thematic role) played by the argument in the event.An argument is a ‘referring expression’The verb assigns θ-roles to its syntactic arguments.(4) The goalie kicked the ball."11"z--------mz----mAgent Patient(5) VP Internal means “internal to the V′”3 External means “external to the V′”External V′3V Internal(6) kick:Agent <Patient> Theta gridssmile: Agent <Ø>Structural positions where a θ-role is assigned are called θ-positions. Positions where noθ-role is assigned are called θ′-positions.Chains: The collection of positions occupied by a single argument.(7) Maryi seems [IP ti to have solved the problem]].Chain: {Maryi, ti }The θ-criterioni) Each argument chain must be assigned exactly one a θ-role.ii) Each θ-role must be assigned to exactly one argument chain.Requires that we consider unmoved arguments to be trivial chains.Traces have the status of logical variables, and count as referring expressions.☞ Movement can save “violations” of the θ-criterion that occur at DS.wh-words (what) and quantifiers (everyone) do not count as referring expressions.☞ Movement of these elements is required in order to satisfy the θ-criterion.(8) a. Who solved which problem?b. What did John give to whom?☞ This implies that the θ-criterion is checked at LF.An A-position (argument position) is a structural position where an argument can befound at LF.An A′-position is a structural position where a non-argument can be found at LF.A chain of movement to an A-position is an A-chain.A chain of movement to an A′-position is an A′-chains.NPs are assigned Case by something (like θ-roles are assigned by verbs)(9) Case Filter (stated as a condition on PF)*NP if NP has phonetic content and has no Case.(10) C-commandα c-commands β iff:i) the first branching node dominating α also dominates β.ii) α does not dominate β.(11) A B c-commands C, D, and E3 D c-commands E (and vice versa)B C C c-commands B (and vice versa)3DEInformally: To find what a node c-commands, go up one level, and it is everything belowit except the original node.category (XP)(12) XP1 segment (XP1)rUadjunct XP2 segment (XP2)rUadjunct XP3 segment (XP3)… ☞ Segments count for determining c-command.(13) Governmentα governs β iffi) α is an X° category (that is, α is a head)ii) α c-commands βiii) Minimality is respected.(14) Minimality ConditionIn the configuration [XP … X … [YP … Y … ZP …] …]X does not govern ZP.(15) ...3X YP X does not govern ZP.3Spec Y′ Y does govern ZP (it’s closer).3YZP...Case-adjacency (English):A DP can only receive Case if it is (string) adjacent to the Case-assigner.(16) a. * John makes frequently mistakes.b. John frequently makes mistakes.(17) Case RequirementA chain is Case-marked if it contains exactly one Case-marked position.(18) IP Finite Infl assigns nominative Caseqp via Spec-head agreementNP I′He qp[3sg] I VP[Nom] -s 1[3sg] V′[Nom] 3VNPeat lunchPassives. Attaching -en suppresses the external θ-role, and removes (“absorbs”) theverb’s ability to assign accusative Case.(19) eat: Agent <Theme> eaten: — <Theme> Passive(20) break: Ø <Theme> Unaccusative(21) [IP [the vase]i [VP broke ti ]](22) Burzio’s GeneralizationA verb (with an object) Case-marks its object iff it θ-marks (i.e. assigns a θ-role to) its subject.(23) a. All the travelers should drink from the well.b. The travelers should all drink from the well.(24) a. [QP All [DP the travelers]]i should [VP ti drink from the well].b. [DP The travelers]i should [VP [QP all ti ] drink from the well].Note: V can only assign Case via governmentand Infl can only assign Case via Spec-Head agreement.Movement comes in four different kinds, each with its own conditions:movement ofphrasal (XP) Movementconstituents qpXP-movement X-movementq1pWh-movement Move-NP Extrapositiontopicalization passive extraposition movement ofwh-movement raising heavy NP shift terminal categoriesTrace conventionMovement transformations leave a trace behind.Wh-movementMove wh-XP to SpecCP when:(i) C is [+Q] if wh-word does not move further.(ii) the wh-XP is not inside a [+Q] CP (except the one containing the C).(wh-island constraint)(iii) the wh-XP is not inside a complex DP.(complex noun phrase condition)(iv) there is no nearer C.(cyclicity condition, locality condition)(25) a. Which book did John buy ti ? wh-movementb. I know which book John bought ti .(26) a. …the speech that Mary made. wh-movement of Opb. …[NP the speechi [S′ Opi that [S Mary made ti ]]].Wh-movement must happen in order to satisfy the [+Q]-C requirement and the θ-criterion(because wh-words are not arguments). It is movement to SpecCP, an A′-position, so itcreates an A′-chain.NP-movementMove DP to an empty subject position (SpecIP).(27) a. Mary solved the problem.b. The problem was solved (by Mary). passive(28) a.
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