1CAS LX 522 Syntax I November 4, 2002Fall 2002 Week 9: Wh-movement, supplement(1) ItalianTuo fratello (‘your brother’),[CP a cuii [TP mi domando [CP che storiei [TP abbiano raccontato ti tj ... to whom I wonder which stories they-have toldera molto preoccupato (‘was very worried’).(2)* Tuo fratello,[CP a cuii ‘to whom’ [TP temo [DP la possibilità [CP che [TP abbiano raccontato tutto ti]] ... I-fear the possibility that they-have told everything, ...CNP islands are respected, wh-islands aren’t?(3) Mi sto domandando [CP a chiiI am wondering to whompotrei chiedere ti [CP quandoj dovrò parlare di questo argomento tj ]] I-may ask when I’ll-have-to speak about this topic(4)* Questo argomento, [CP di cuik mi sto domandando This topic of which I am wondering[CP a chi potrei chiedere [CP quando dovrò parlare tk]]] to whom I-may ask when I’ll-have-to speakmi sembra sempre più complicatoto-me seems ever more complicatedItalian bounding nodes: CP and DP. (Rizzi 1982)2Argument wh-questions vs. adjunct wh-questions...Argument wh-questions are subject wh-questions, object wh-questions.Who bought the book? What did Bill buy? What was eaten?Adjunct wh-questions are those which question constituents which in adeclarative would be adjuncts.(5) I fixed the car with a wrench.(6) CP1C¢3C TP[–Q] 3DPiT¢I 3T VP[PAST] 3tiV¢3V¢ ‹u3 PPV DP 3fix the car P DPwith a wrench3(7) Howi did you fix the car ti ?(8) CP3PPkC¢how 3C+TjTP3DPiT¢you 3tjVP3tiV¢3V¢ tk3V DPfix the carAdjunct wh-questions are more delicate than argument wh-questions.(9) ?Whose cari were you wondering how to fix ti?(Ed’s car...I was wondering how to fix Ed’s car.)(10) *Howi were you wondering whose car to fix ti?(With a wrench...I was wondering whose car to fix with a wrench.)What makes these different?4(11) ...... VPVP 11 V¢V¢ 33 V¢ howV which car 3with a wrenchEd’s car V(12) *Howi were [TP you wondering [CP whose car [TP to fix ti ]]]?(With a wrench...I was wondering whose car to fix with a wrench.)(13) Howi did [TP you fix the car ti ]?(14) Howi did [TP Bill say [CP ti¢ that [TP you fixed the car ti ]]?It appears that adjuncts are hyper-sensitive to Subjacency violations, butit possible to move an adjunct wh-word as long as it doesn’t go too far.Interestingly, subjects generally act like adjuncts—(15) ? [Which car]i do you know [CP how Bill fixed ti ]?(16) * Howi do you know [CP which car Bill fixed ti ]?(17) * Whoi do you know [CP which car ti fixed (with a hammer)]?(18) * Whoi do you know [CP how ti fixed (the Pacer)]?Usually...(19) [Which chair]i do you find [ ti will roll most smoothly]?(20) [Which taxi service]i do you consider [ ti most reliable]?It kind of looks like “traces which get accusative Case” are safe.5Nailing down the precise formulation of this restriction is verycomplicated... (see Chomsky 1986, Rizzi 1990)Here is a close approximation:Empty Category Principle (ECP) Lexical: N, V, A, PTraces must be properly governed Functional: C, T, DProper Governmenta properly governs b iff (i) a governs b and a is a lexical heador (ii) a antecedent-governs b.Idea: (i) accounts for ?Whati did you say knew how Bill fixed ti ?(ii) allows for Howi did you fix the car ti ?“antecedent governs” means How and its trace are close.Antecedent Government (first attempt)a, a moved category, antecedent-governs b iffi) a binds b (c-commands & co-indexed)ii) no more than one bounding nodedominates b but not a.‘…if moving from b to a would not violate Subjacency’ (21) ? Which songi were [TP you wondering [CP whether [TP the band will play ti ]]?(22) * Which bandi were [TP you wondering [CP whether [TP ti will play that song]]]?(23) ? Which cari do you know how to fix ti?(24) * Whoi do you know how ti will fix the car?(25) Which bandi did you consider [ ti to be the best ]?6That-trace effect(26) Whati did you say (that) Bill would fix ti ?(27) *Whoi did you say (*that) ti would fix the car ?This differentiates subjects and objects—it looks like a job for the ECP.When the trace must rely on antecedent government, that blocks it.Empty Category Principle (ECP)Traces must be properly governeda properly governs b iff (i) a governs b and a is a lexical heador (ii) a antecedent-governs b.a antecedent-governs b iff(i) a binds b(ii) no more than one boundingnode dominates b but not a.(iii) there is no filled C governing b.(28) * C¢3C TPthat 3tiT¢7That-trace effects aren’t universal, though...(29) ItalianChi hai detto che ha scritto questo libro?who have-you said that has written this book‘Who did you say wrote this book?’(30)*CP3chiiC¢3C Ghai CP3ti¢ C¢3C TPche 3tiT¢not gov’d by a lexical head 3not antecedent gov’d by ti¢: T ... • ti¢ binds ti • no bounding nodes intervenebut • there is a filled C (che) governing ti.(31) Hanno telefonato molti studentihave.3pl phoned many students‘Many students have phoned.’(32) Vinceremo noiwill-win.1pl we‘We will win.’8(33) TP pro Vinceremo noi3 will-win.1pl weproiT¢ ‘We will win.’3T VP3tiV¢3V¢ DP fl (something like this)1 noivinceremoCan this help?(34)Howi did you say (that) he will fix your car ti ?(35) ...CP3t¢iC¢3C TP(that) 3hejT¢3T VPwill 3tjV¢3V¢ ti#fix your car9(36) ItalianChi hai detto che ha scritto questo libro?who have-you said that has written this book‘Who did you say wrote this book?’(37)[CP Chii [TP pro hai detto [CP t¢i che [TP pro ha[VP scritto question libro] ti ]]]](38) CP3chiiC¢3C Ghai CP3ti¢ C¢3C TPche 3projT¢3T VP3tjV¢3V¢ ti#scritto question libro10(39) Mario E parla Florentine It.Mario SCL speaks‘Mario speaks.’(40) E parlaSCL speaks‘He speaks’(41) * Parla(42) gl ’ha telefonato della ragazzeSCL(M.SG) has phoned some girls(F.PL)‘Some girls telephoned.’(43)Quante ragazze tu credi che gli abbia parlato?how.many girls you think that M.SG has.3SG spoken‘How many girls do you think have spoken?’(44)* Quante ragazze tu credi che le abbiano parlato?how.many girls you think that F.PL have.3PL spoken(‘How many girls do you think have spoken?’)11The category of wh-words:(45) DP[+wh] DP[+wh] DP[+wh]1 1 1D¢ D¢ D¢1 1 3D D D NPwhat who which 1N¢1Nbook(46) AdvP[+wh] AdvP[+wh] AdvP[+wh] AdvP[+wh]1 1 1 1Adv¢ Adv¢ Adv¢ Adv¢1 1 1 1Adv Adv Adv Advhow why
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