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BU CAS LX 522 - Lecture Notes

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CAS LX 522 Syntax IFall 2000 September 25, 2000Paul Hagstrom Week 3: X-Bar TheoryReview from last time…The structure of the grammar:DS phrase structure rules11 movement rulessurface structure (abstract)  SS3 more movement rules“phonetic form”  PF LF  “logical form” (meaning)Movement comes in four different kinds, each with its own conditions:movement ofphrasal (XP) Movementconstituents qpXP-movement X-movementq1pWh-movement Move-NP Extrapositiontopicalization passive extraposition movement ofwh-movement raising heavy NP shift terminal categoriesWh-movementMove wh-XP to Comp when:(i) Comp is [+Q] if wh-word does not move further.(ii) the wh-XP is not inside a [+Q] S′ (except the one containing the Comp).(wh-island constraint)(iii) the wh-XP is not inside a complex NP.(complex noun phrase condition)(iv) there is no nearer Comp.(cyclicity condition, locality condition)(1) a. Which book did John buy ti ? wh-movementb. I know which book John bought ti .(2) a. …the speech that Mary made. wh-movement of Opb. …[NP the speechi [S′ Opi that [S Mary made ti ]]].NP-movementMove NP to an empty subject position, as long as(i) NP is not contained in a Tensed S (other than the target S).(ii) NP is not separated from the targeted position by a specified subject.(3) a. Mary solved the problem.b. The problem was solved (by Mary). passive(4) a. It seems (that) Mary has solved the problem.b. Mary seems to have solved the problem. raisingExtraposition (a rightward movement rule)Move XP and attach it as the rightmost constituent of VP.(5) a. [Details of a secret plan to finance the rebels] have emerged.b. Details have emerged of a secret plan to finance the rebels. extrapositionHeavy NP shift (a subcase of Extraposition)Move a ‘heavy’ NP and attach it as the rightmost constituent of VP.(6) a. Mary read [NP all the books she had borrowed].b. ? Mary returned [NP all the books she had borrowed] to the library.c. Mary returned ti to the library [NP all the books she had borrowed]i.(7) a. Mary read Aspects.b. Mary returned Aspects to the library.c. * Mary returned ti to the library [NP Aspects ]. Aspects not “heavy enough”X-bar theoryWe strive for a lean theory—we don’t want redundancy.(8) a. hit: [— NP]b. smile: [—]c. think: [— S′]d. give: [— NP PP]e. rely: [— PP]And we require that when we insert lexical items into the tree, we only insert them wheretheir subcategorization frames are satisfied. (Lexical Insertion Rule)For this to work, we also need phrase structure rules which can provide trees which meetthe subcategorization frames, so:(9) a. VP → V NPb. VP → Vc. VP → V S′d. VP → V NP PPe. VP → V PP(We can write them with parentheses but that’s really just shorthand)So we have: VERBS IN GENERAL CAN BE FOLLOWED BY S′and: THE VERB think IN PARTICULAR CAN BE FOLLOWED BY S′If we know the second one, the first one doesn’t really tell us anything about the structureof a VP where the verb is think.The goal will be to set down some very general principles about how trees are puttogether (eliminating the more complicated PS rules) along with constraints based on thesubcategorization frames of lexical items.HeadsOne thing that all our PS rules have in common is that NPs have an obligatory Nconstituent, VPs have an obligatory V constituent, APs have an obligatory Aconstituent—the head of the phrase. In a sense, how we know it is a verb phrase (a VP) isthat it is centered around a verb.(10) XP → … X …So (10) is true of all of our existing PS rules, and moreover, we can restrict our theory bysaying it must be true of any tree built by our grammar.Specifiers and complementsIn something like(11) This solution to the problem(12) NP1qgpNP2NPP#1#This solution to the problemThe NP2, N, and PP are each sisters of each other—there is no structural (hierarchical)distinction between them. The only constituent containing two contains all three.(13) a. I like [this [solution to the problem]], but not [that [one]].b. * I like [[this solution] to problem #1], but not [[one] to problem #2].It looks like one can be used in place of the …N PP… sequence, but not the …NP2 N…sequence—suggesting it is a constituent.Plus, the relation between solution and to the problem is different from the relationbetween solution and This (or Mary’s or The)—to the problem tells you what kind ofsolution it is, This specifies which one. We can’t read that off the structure in (12). Wecan solve both problems at once, though:(14) NP3SPEC N′Det 3This NPPsolution #to the problemThe complement is the sister to the head—here, the PP. The specifier is sister to the newnode N′ (N-bar), a daughter of the maximal projection NP.(15) NP3specifier N′3N complementone-replacementReplace N′ with one.(16) The big red book of poems(17) NP3SPEC N′Det 3the AP N′A 3big AP N′A 3red NPPbook of poems(18) a. I bought this [N′ big red book of poems], not that [N′ one].b. I bought the big [N′ red book of poems], not the little [N′ one].c. I bought the big red [N′ book of poems], not the big blue [N′ one].d. ?* I bought the big red book of poems, not the little red one of cartoons.It looks like N′ can iterate. And it doesn’t have to be to the left, either.(19) The book of poems on the table by the window(20) NP3SPEC N′the 3N′ PP3 …by the windowN′ PP3 …on the tableNPPbook #of poems(21) I saw this [N′book of poems on the table by the window], not that [one].(22) I saw the [N′book of poems on the table] by the window, not the [one] by the door.(23) I saw the [N′book of poems] on the table by the window, not the [one] on the floor.(24) The big ugly red book of poems on the table by the window in the cabinSo we can write the rules of NP construction like this:(25) NP → (Spec) N′ SPECIFIER (daughter of NP and sister of N′)N′ → N (PP) COMPLEMENT (sister of N)N′ → N′ PP or XP N′ ADJUNCT (sister of N′)where XP can be either AP or PP at least.The main claim of X-bar theory is that this structure (specifiers, heads, complements,adjuncts) is sufficient to characterize not only NP but XP—any kind of phrase.(26) XP → Spec* X′X′ → X ZP*X′ → YP X′ (or X′ YP)(27) XP3Spec X′specifier 3YP X′adjunct 3XZPhead complement(28) a. I ate lunch at Burger King.b. I ate lunch and drank cola at Burger King.c. I ate lunch at Burger King and Bill [did (so)] at McDonald’s.d. I ate lunch at the Burger King on Comm.


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BU CAS LX 522 - Lecture Notes

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