CAS LX 522 Syntax IRelative clausesSlide 3Slide 4QuirksWhich/that/ØOpSlide 8Doubly-Filled COMP filterSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12A comment on CYes/no questionsSlide 15Matrix yes/no questionsSlide 17Week 12b. Relative clausesWeek 12b. Relative clausesCAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IRelative clausesRelative clausesAnother place where we see Another place where we see whwh--movement, besides in explicit questions movement, besides in explicit questions (either in the main clause or embedded) is (either in the main clause or embedded) is in in relative clausesrelative clauses..The book which I readThe book which I readThe woman who(m) I metThe woman who(m) I metThese consist of a These consist of a head nounhead noun ( (bookbook, , womanwoman) ) and then what appears to be a and then what appears to be a whwh-question -question that further specifies the referent of the that further specifies the referent of the head noun.head noun.Relative clausesRelative clausesRelative clauses serve to Relative clauses serve to modifymodify the head the head noun.noun.Kind of like adjectives, or PP modifiers.Kind of like adjectives, or PP modifiers.The unhappy students.The unhappy students.The students from Vancouver.The students from Vancouver.The students who solved the problem.The students who solved the problem.So where would you put them?So where would you put them?Relative Relative clausesclausesThe structure of a The structure of a relative clause is like relative clause is like this.this.A [+Q, +WH] CP is A [+Q, +WH] CP is adjoined to the NP, adjoined to the NP, like an adjective, or a like an adjective, or a PP modifier.PP modifier.The meaning is The meaning is essentially “the man essentially “the man with the property of with the property of being the answer to being the answer to ‘Who did I meet?” ’‘Who did I meet?” ’C[+WH][+Q]CCPIPI met timanNPDtheDPNPDPiwho(m)QuirksQuirksThe “question” inside a relative clause has a The “question” inside a relative clause has a couple of odd properties, not shared with couple of odd properties, not shared with regular main clause or embedded questions.regular main clause or embedded questions.*The problem what I solved.*The problem what I solved.The problem which I solved.The problem which I solved.The problem which I will solve.The problem which I will solve.The problem I solved.The problem I solved.The problem that I solved.The problem that I solved.Which/that/ØWhich/that/ØIn addition to being able to sayIn addition to being able to sayThe book which Mary readThe book which Mary readWe can also sayWe can also sayThe book that Mary readThe book that Mary readandandThe book Mary readThe book Mary readAnd they all mean the same thing. So we expect And they all mean the same thing. So we expect that they would all have basically the same that they would all have basically the same structure (they all have a question adjoined in the structure (they all have a question adjoined in the NP)—NP)—so where is the so where is the whwh-word in the last two?-word in the last two?OpOpThe secret to these last two kinds of The secret to these last two kinds of relative clauses is relative clauses is OpOp, the silent , the silent whwh-word-word..That is, That is, the book which Mary readthe book which Mary read and and the the book Mary readbook Mary read are really exactly the same are really exactly the same except that in one case you pronounce the except that in one case you pronounce the whwh-word, and in the other, you don’t.-word, and in the other, you don’t.the book [the book [CPCP which whichii Mary read Mary read ttii ] ]the book [the book [CPCP OpOpii Mary read Mary read ttii ] ]OpOpIt is also possible to pronounce It is also possible to pronounce thatthat with with OpOp, , giving us:giving us:the book [the book [CPCP OpOpii that [ that [TPTP Mary read Mary read ttii ]] ]]Why can’t we pronounce Why can’t we pronounce thatthat with with whichwhich??*the book [*the book [CPCP which whichii that [ that [TPTP Mary read Mary read ttii ]] ]]Doubly-Filled COMP filterDoubly-Filled COMP filterThe The Doubly-Filled COMP filterDoubly-Filled COMP filter is the traditional is the traditional “explanation”.“explanation”.Doubly-Filled COMP filterDoubly-Filled COMP filter::*[*[CPCP whwh-word if/that/for…]-word if/that/for…]You can’t pronounce both a You can’t pronounce both a whwh-word and (a base--word and (a base-generated) C at the same time. Thus:generated) C at the same time. Thus:the book [the book [CPCP OpOpii [ [TPTP Mary read Mary read ttii ]] ]]the book [the book [CPCP OpOpii that [ that [TPTP Mary read Mary read ttii ]] ]]the book [the book [CPCP whichwhichii [ [TPTP Mary read Mary read ttii ]] ]]*the book [*the book [CPCP whichwhichii that [ that [TPTP Mary read Mary read ttii ]] ]]OpOpSkeptical of Skeptical of OpOp? Is there really ? Is there really whwh-movement of -movement of OpOp, a silent , a silent whwh-phrase?-phrase?I read the book [I read the book [CPCP which whichii [ [IPIP Mary said Mary said[[CPCP that [ that [IPIP Bill bought Bill bought ttii ]]]]. ]]]].*I read the book [*I read the book [CPCP which whichii [[IPIP Mary wondersMary wonders[[CPCP who who [[IPIP bought bought ttii ]]]]]]].].I read the book [I read the book [CPCP OpOpii (that) [ (that) [IPIP Mary said Mary said[[CPCP that [ that [IPIP Bill bought Bill bought ttii ]]]]. ]]]].*I read the book [*I read the book [CPCP OpOpii (that) (that) [[IPIP Mary wondersMary wonders[[CPCP who who [[IPIP bought bought ttii ]]]]]]].].OpOpSo if we have a silent So if we have a silent whwh-phrase, why -phrase, why can’t we ask questions with it?can’t we ask questions with it?WhereWhereii did Mary buy this book did Mary buy this book ttii ? ?WhenWhenii did Mary buy this book did Mary buy this book ttii ? ?WhyWhyii did Mary buy this book did Mary buy this book ttii ? ?HowHowii did Mary buy this book did Mary buy this book ttii ? ?**OpOpii did Mary buy this book did Mary buy this book ttii ? ?See why?See why?OpOpRecoverability condition:Recoverability condition: The content of a The content of a null category must be recoverable.null category must be recoverable.the place [the place [OpOpii (that) Mary bought that book (that) Mary
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