CAS LX 522 Syntax IMoving away from EnglishSlide 3JapaneseSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10KoreanKorean negationSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17DutchSlide 19Dutch V2Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26V2ECM vs. wh-movementSlide 29Slide 30VSO: Reminder about IrishVSO order in IrishSlide 33VSO in Std. ArabicSlide 35SVO/VSO order in Std. ArabicSlide 37Slide 38Let’s go back to French…French negationFrench and a problem…Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45A new FPWhat is FP?Slide 48AgrOPECMSlide 51ECM vs. BTSlide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Northern IrishMorphology on the French verbAgrSP?Split-INFLAdopting the Split-INFL hypothesisSlide 62Slide 63PROarb giving Larson a lookDitransitive verbsLarson (1988)Slide 67IdiomsIdioms in ditransitivesWhere’s the V? Where’s the DO?Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73PROarb sending Bill a letterDouble objectsWeek 11. Applied Syntax;Split-INFL.CAS LX 522Syntax IMoving away from English•Recall that the model of language we’re working with is one in which languages are for the most part the same, but differ in the settings of certain parameters, such as order between object and verb. What are possible parameter settings?UGJapaneseEnglishMoving away from English•We’ve seen a couple, but the only way to discover what they are is to look at how other languages differ.–Recall, for example, the V-to-T parameter that differentiated French from English.UGJapaneseEnglishJapanese•Taroo-ga ano hon-o kat-ta.Taro-NOM that book-ACC buy-PAST‘Taro bought that book.’•Taroo-ga ano hon-o kat-ta no?Taro-NOM that book-ACC buy-PAST Q‘Did Taro buy that book?’•Hanako-ga [Taroo-ga ano hon-o kat-ta to] omotteiru.H.-NOM T.-NOM that book-ACC buy-PAST that thinks‘Hanako thinks that Taro bought that book.’Japanese•Japanese appears to be quite strictly head-final. The head of an XP comes after the complement.•We can draw the structure of a Japanese tree like this, using the same system, only with head-final structures.VkatVVPano hon-oDPTTTPTaroo-gaDPi-taCCCPtotiJapanese•As in English, nominative case (ga) is assigned to the DP in the specifier of TP, accusative case (o) is assigned to the sister of V.•Does the verb move to T? Tough question. Notice that it doesn’t have to to get the word order right.VkatVVPano hon-oDPTTTPTaroo-gaDPi-taCCCPtotiJapanese•Taroo-ga ano hon-o kat-ta.Taro-NOM that book-ACC buy-PAST‘Taro bought that book.’•ano hon-o Taroo-ga kat-ta.that book-ACC Taro-NOM buy-PAST‘Taro bought that book.’•How might this come about?–The -criterion dictates that the object ano hon-o starts out as the sister of V. Like in What did I buy?Japanese•ano hon-o Taroo-ga kat-ta.that book-ACC Taro-NOM buy-PAST‘Taro bought that book.’•This must start out the same way as Taroo-ga ano hon-o katta.•Thus ano hon-o must move to where we see it. Scrambling.•So where does it go?VkatVVPano hon-oDPTTTPTaroo-gaDPi-taCCCP[-Q]tiJapanese•ano hon-o Taroo-ga kat-ta.that book-ACC Taro-NOM buy-PAST‘Taro bought that book.’•The standard analysis of this is that scrambled arguments move to adjoin to TP—like quantifiers do. Same kind of movement as QR.VkatVVP TTTPTaroo-gaDPi-taCCCP[-Q]tiTPano hon-oDPjtjJapanese•ano hon-o Taroo-ga kat-ta.that book-ACC Taro-NOM buy-PAST‘Taro bought that book.’•So languages also differ in whether or not they allow scrambling.•A large majority of the scrambling languages are also SOV languages, although why that would be remains unclear.VkatVVP TTTPTaroo-gaDPi-taCCCP[-Q]tiTPano hon-oDPjtjKorean•Korean is in many respects structurally very similar to Japanese; strictly head-final, allows scrambling, has Case marking.•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul ilk-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC read-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu read that book.’Korean negation•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul ilk-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC read-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu read that book.’•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul an-ilk-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC NEG-read-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu didn’t read that book.’•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul ilk-ci anh-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC read-CI NEG.do-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu didn’t read that book.’Korean negation•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul an-ilk-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC NEG-read-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu didn’t read that book.’•If this is the DS for the Korean “short negation,” how do we get the right word order?VilkVVPku chayk-ulDPTTTPC.-kaDP-essCCCP-taNeganNegNegPDSKorean negation•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul an-ilk-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC NEG-read-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu didn’t read that book.’•If this is the DS for the Korean “short negation,” how do we get the right word order?•We could head-move the verb up the tree to Neg.•So what’s happening in “long negation”?•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul ilk-ci anh-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC read-CI NEG.do-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu didn’t read that book.’VVPku chayk-ulDPTTTPC.-kaDPj-essCCCP-taNeg+Vian-ilkNegNegPSStitjKorean negation•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul ilk-ci anh-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC read-CI NEG.do-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu didn’t read that book.’•Suppose that the DS is the same, except that we now have a special “nominalized” form of the verb (cf. reading, perhaps).•Suppose that ilk-ci doesn’t move to Neg.•See how we might analyze this?Vilk-ciVVPku chayk-ulDPTTTPC.-kaDP-essCCCP-taNeganNegNegPDSKorean negation•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul ilk-ci anh-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC read-CI NEG.do-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu didn’t read that book.’•At SS, we have a tense morpheme (-ess) which needs to attach to a verb.•But since ilk-ci didn’t move to an (and in fact probably doesn’t count as a verb anymore, but as a noun), there is no verb in the area.Vilk-ciVVPku chayk-ulDPTTTP-essCCCP-taNeganNegNegPSSC.-kaDPjtjKorean negation•Chelswu-ka ku chayk-ul ilk-ci anh-ess-ta.Chelswu-NOM that book-ACC read-CI NEG.do-PAST-DECL‘Chelswu didn’t read that book.’•Hence we insert do (in Korean, ha), which gets contracted as anh.•Actually, in more literary Korean it is also possible to find an uncontracted form that looks like …ilk-ci ani ha-ess-ta.•Just like English…Vilk-ciVVPku
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