DEP3103 Study Guide for Exam 3 Chapter 9 Language Development Components of Language Phonology The sound of language Rules governing the structure and sequence of speech sounds o Phonemes Culture Phoneme differences exist across languages It often has to do with native vs non native speech Example P sounds similar for English and Japanese Ra and la are distinct in English but non distinct in Japanese Sometimes Native Japanese speakers will mix up these sounds with one another o At 6 8 months children begin realize what sounds are important for speaking language so they begin to ignore sounds that do not help them to master their native language Semantics Expression of concepts in words and word combinations word meaning vocabulary Has to do with labeling things giving meaning to a word o Semantics Development Vocabulary comprehension develops ahead of vocabulary production Children can comprehend words before they can say them This has to do with motor control o First words word combinations The first words babies tend to label are things that move around and or categories relevant to their life People animals foods familiar actions and outcomes hug and hot and social terms hi and bye Initial vocabulary learning is slow 1 3 words per week 12 months ish First Words Holophrases names actions routine social words Increases to 1 2 words per day by approximately 24 months Under extension of words Word used in limited scope Example tree refers only to the oak tree in the backyard Overextension of words Word used in too broad a scope Example everything that is not the oak tree in the back yard is a bush o Disparity in Vocabulary Growth Hart Risley 1995 Parents of children in a professional SES status had children with a higher vocabulary than parents of children in a working SES class who had a higher vocabulary than those who s parents are on welfare The more diverse vocabulary you speak around children the more diverse a vocabulary they will have Pragmatics Rules of communication such as taking turns and staying on topic Grammar There are two components o Syntax rules by which words are arranged into sentences subject verb clauses o Morphology linguistic units that indicate number tense gender and active passive voice o Telegraphic Speech 2 word combinations occurs at about 2 years old Example Mommy throw or Ball red o Simple Speech 3 word sentences occurs at about 3 years old Subject verb object o Environmental Support Adult reformulations Asking for clarifications The following two especially tend to happen together Recasts restructure inaccurate speech say what they just said but say it correctly Expansions elaborate increase complexity o Grammatical morphemes small markers that change the meaning of sentences Overregularization applying morphological rules to words that are exceptions Example breaked for broke falled for fell Wug Experiment Theories of Language Development because of the way our brain is Nativist perspectives Chomsky humans are born and built for language We naturally will learn language o Language Acquisition Device LAD Rules of grammar are too complicated to learn without one Children have an innate system for understand language universal grammar o Supporting evidence Animals can learn vocabulary but they cannot vocalize it Critical sensitive periods of development suggest that we have a LAD but this needs to be activated to use it or else you lose it Brain localization of language function Language functions housed in left hemisphere Some components of language may be more localized than others grammar Interactionist Perspective language is a social behavior o Information Processing Theories o Social Interactionist Theories Children desire to understand and be understood Use social interactions in rich language environments to discover functions and regularities of language Prelinguistic Development Adult Speech Chapter 10 Emotional Development o Infant directed speech IDS Baby Talk o Speech Sounds cooing babbling build musculature for speech practice sound patterns even deaf babies will babble imitating ASL Functionalist Approach to Emotion emphasizes that the broad function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals Cognition Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival Social Children s emotional signals powerfully affect the behavior of others whose emotional reactions in turn regulate children s social behavior With age infants begin to initiate as well as respond to emotional expressions by the end of the first year babies become increasingly skilled at joint attention following the caregiver s line of regard Health Two childhood growth disorders resulting from emotional deprivation are nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism Persistent psychological stress is associated with a variety of health difficulties from infancy to adulthood Development of Emotional Expression Basic Emotions emotions such as happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust are universal among humans and other primates They can be directly inferred from facial expressions Happiness Fear o Social Smile broad grin evoked by the stimulus of a human face Occurs between 6 to 10 weeks o Babies smile from birth have social smile around 6 to 10 weeks and are laughing by 3 to 4 months o Stranger Anxiety wariness in response to unfamiliar adults Occurs at 10 to 12 months The extent of stranger anxiety depends on temperament past experiences with strangers and the current situation Self Conscious Emotions involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self These emotions include shame embarrassment guilt envy and pride They emerge about the end of the second year o They need adult instruction about when to feel them Adult feedback is strongly related to self evaluation o Self Conscious Emotions and Culture In Western individualistic cultures most children are taught to feel pride over personal achievement In collectivist cultures such as China and Japan calling attention to purely personal success evokes embarrassment and self effacement and violating cultural standards by failing to show concern for others sparks intense shame Emotional Self Regulation strategies we use to adjust the intensity or duration of our emotional reactions to a comfortable level so we can accomplish our goals o Emotional self regulation requires voluntary effortful management of emotions or effortful control which improves gradually as
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