Study Guide Social Emotional Development 1 Describe the very first stage of social development and when it occurs 1st stage Development of social responsiveness By the end of the first month Infants clearly prefer social over non social stimulation 2 What is the second stage of social development 2nd stage Development of attachments to specific people 3 Know the specific ages and descriptions of the usual sequence of noticeable attachment behaviors Usual sequence of noticeable behaviors 1 3 4 mos coo smile more at attachment figure AF than stranger Subtle preference begins earlier 2 6 7 mos seek proximity to AF oriented to AF Separation protest cry play disrupted Reunion response 3 8 9 mos stranger anxiety typically begins 4 12 18 mos exploration increases but counterbalanced by peak in behaviors in 2 3 above 5 By 2 yrs clear decline in behaviors in 2 3 above 6 3 4 yrs separation protest stranger anxiety gone Does attachment decrease If specific behaviors not gone can shape them out Why does proximity seeking separation protest begin around 6 7 mos Why does separation protest stranger anxiety peak at 12 18 mos 4 Measuring infant attachment a Describe and name the procedure that is considered the gold standard for measuring infant attachment b Describe another procedure designed to measure infant attachment A Originally it was devised to enable children to be classified into the attachment styles known as secure anxious avoidant and anxious ambivalent 1 Ainsworth s Strange Situation 6 mos to 2 yrs unfamiliar situtation AF in room w baby AF leaves returns twice When AF leaves baby w nice stranger or alone AF told Respond normally gold standard B Attachment Q Sort AQS an assessment method in which a caregiver or observer judges the quality of a child s attachment based on the child ages 1 5 The mother or caregiver sorts a set of cards containing phrases that describe the childs behavior into sets ranging from those that are most descriptive of the child to those that are least descriptive Q Sort Attachment Figure given cards w behaviors ex Plays calmly w Mom present Cries when Mom leaves him w babysitter 2 piles This is like my baby vs This is not like my baby 5 In discussing how children differ in the security of their attachments to their caretakers we described 4 different patterns of attachments For each of these 4 be able to a Describe how they behave in the Strange Situation b Describe the parenting style most often associated with it explain why that parenting style is likely to lead to that attachment pattern c Define shaping Describe the difference between responsive and unresponsive shaping A 1 Secure 60 70 U S babies show secure attachments 1 AF present uses AF as secure base of exploration oriented to AF but not clingy 2 AF leaves 3 Reunion distress cry search for AF mild strong want contact calm quickly resume play 2 Insecure Avoidant 20 U S 1 AF present plays w toys ignores AF 2 AF leaves 1st time no clear distress 2nd time some distress 3 Reunion Turn eyes or move away 3 Insecure Resistant 10 15 U S 1 AF present clingy ambivalent anxious doesn t play calmly AF not secure base 2 AF leaves distressed cry search for AF 3 Reunion 2 ambivalent seeks contact then pushes away 4 Insecure Disorganized 1 2 U S 1 AF present No clear pattern 2 AF leaves Distressed 3 Reunion run away w head down or confused freeze or repetitive movements 4 Most disturbed B Parenting Styles 1 Cold does not respond to baby s signals satisfies baby s needs but on AF s schedule 2 Neglecting or abusive or severely depressed parent 3 Responds inconsistently often not available incompetent or overwhelmed 4 Consistently responds to baby s needs C Shaping Gradual training Responsive gently pushes but backs off temporarily if baby signals not ready Unresponsive does not back off 6 Explain how an infant s temperament contribute to their own attachments Difficult babies contribute to insecure attachments by making it hard for parents to be responsive 7 What do we mean by social supports for the parents and explain how social supports help make difficult children more attached to their parents Social support helps prevent negative cycle by helping parents be more responsive 8 Cultural differences in attachment behaviors We discussed 4 countries that tend to differ in the attachment behaviors from those most commonly seen in the US For each of those 4 countries d Describe the difference between that country and the US e Explain why researchers think that each of these differences might exist Cultural influences on attachment behaviors Ganda Africa infants MUCH more distressed during separation b c separation in Ganda MUCH longer Germany Sweden and England infants more avoid ant play at distance less oriented to parent bc these cultures stress early independence less physical closeness Japan and Israeli Kibbutzim communal living division of labor all live together one person watches over a large group of children stay close and physically close may even sleep in the same bed more resistant clingy behaviors Japan emphasize physical closeness probably does not reflect insecure resistant pattern Israel on kibbutz caretaker may take care of too many kids to be responsive Probably does reflect insecure resistant pattern 10 Stability of an infant s attachment to his her parents over time i e across the years 3 a Overall how stable is it b Can it change in either direction e g secure to insecure and insecure to secure c What can cause it to change Stability of attachments over time Is security of a child s attachments stable over time YES 75 are the same years later But It can change in either direction insecure secure if the child s life situation changes noticeably Environmental change ie nasty divorce secure to insecure 11 Describe those behaviors that are predicted by whether or not an infant is securely attached to his her parents In other words describe how securely versus insecurely attached infants differ when they grow into childhood Do infant attachments predict other behaviors cognitive skills Secure better problem solving more attentive to older siblings teachers etc higher gpa social behaviors Secure better peer relations positive view of others fewer psychological problems sense of self Secure more positive realistic view of self 12 Do children necessarily show the same attachment pattern to both parents If not can a secure attachment to one compensate for an insecure attachment to the other What about
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