DEP3103 Study Guide for Exam 1 Chapter 1 History Theory and Applied Directions The three grand theories of development Psychoanalytic Theory A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational unconscious drives and motives often originating in childhood underlie human behavior o Originated with Sigmund Freud 1856 1936 Claiming that if children didn t get control of these parts of their lives they wouldn t have control over these things later on in life however there is no data to support it Birth to 1 year the mouth the oral stage 1 3 years the anus the anal stage 3 6 years the penis the phallic stage 6 11 years quite time latency stage Adolescence and beyond genital stage o Erik Erikson 1902 1994 was a follower of Freud who emphasized culture diversity social change and psychological crises Behaviorism A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior o Originated with John Watson 1878 1958 He believed all behavior is learned and that verifiable data is with controlled experiments study what a person does not what they re thinking feeling and that specific laws of learning apply to conditioning Example Baby Albert Cognitive Theory A grand theory that focuses on changes in how people think over time According to this theory our thoughts shape our attitudes beliefs and behaviors o Jean Piaget 1896 1980 was the Patriarch of this theory How were Freud and Erickson similar and dissimilar as psychoanalytic psychologists Specifically how did their stages of development compare Similarities Both agree with the stages of development though they have different names for them and that development it is an unconscious process Differences Freud emphasized the importance of basic needs and biological forces Erikson s view is based upon social and environmental factors Erikson also extended his theory to adulthood while Freud s ends at an earlier age What are the distinctions between classical and operant conditioning Classical Conditioning a person or animal is conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus Operant Conditioning Reinforcing or punishing voluntary behaviors B F Skinner 1904 1990 is responsible for operant conditioning Be able to recognize examples of positive reinforcement positive punishment negative reinforcement and negative punishment Positive Reinforcement Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating or reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited making the behavior more likely to happen in the future o Example The little boy receives 5 00 positive stimulus for every A he earns on his report card behavior Negative Reinforcement Negative reinforcement occurs when a certain stimulus usually an aversive stimulus is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing or avoiding the negative consequence o Example Bob does the dishes behavior in order to avoid his mother nagging negative stimulus Positive Punishment Positive punishment works by presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited making the behavior less likely to happen in the future o Example A child grabs a toy from another child behavior and is sent to time out negative stimulus Negative Punishment Negative punishment happens when a certain desired stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited resulting in the behavior happening less often in the future o Example Siblings get in a fight behavior over who gets to go first in a game or who gets to play with a new toy the parent takes the game toy away desired stimulus What did Harry Harlow find was important in relation to what baby rhesus monkeys need when given the opportunity to spend time with a cloth surrogate mother or a wire surrogate mother that does or does not provide them with food In Harlow s experiment baby rhesus monkeys six to twelve hours after birth were raised with a substitute or surrogate mothers made either of heavy wire mesh or of wood covered with cloth In Harlow s experiment both types of surrogates were present in the cage but only one was equipped with a nipple from which the infant could nurse Some infants received nourishment from the wire mother and others were fed from the cloth mother Even when the wire mother was the source of nourishment and a source of warmth provided by the electric light the infant monkey spent a greater amount of time clinging to the cloth surrogate These results led researchers to believe the need for closeness and affection goes deeper than a need for warmth Harlow s research suggested the importance of mother child bonding Not only does the child look to his her mother for basic needs such as food safety and warmth but he also needs to feel love acceptance and affection from the caregiver What is social learning theory and what is modeling according to this theory What can we learn about social learning from Albert Bandura s study with the bobo doll toy Social Learning Theory An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person s behavior o Modeling a person observes the actions of others and then copies them o Self efficacy belief of some people that they are able to change themselves and effectively alter the social context The Bobo Doll experiment Albert Bandura children would watch a video of an adult playing with a doll in a room before they would go into the room Then they would measure how the child played with the doll Children would act aggressively towards the doll in the way the adults did but also would come up with their own creative ways to act towards the doll o The results of the Bobo doll experiment show that while individuals do learn by observing the behavior of others this does not mean all behaviors are learned from others Individuals are creative in the things they choose to do What are Piaget s stages of cognitive development Sensorimotor Stage 0 2 years The child begins to interact with the environment They can find ways of solving problems For example pulling on a lever to make music play Preoperational Stage 2 6 7 years The child begins to represent the world symbolically There is the development of language and make believe play Concrete Operational Stage 7 11 12 years The child learns rules such as conversation Their reason is logical For example they understand that play dough may change
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