4 3 12 Gender Gender Sex Socially influenced psychological dimension characteristics of being male or female Ex blue for boys pink for girls Ex men have facial hair women don t Biologically influenced narrow dimension Ex male penis hormones XY chromosome Ex female vagina XX chromosome Estrogens primarily influence the development of female physical sex characteristics and help regulate the menstrual cycle Androgens primarily promote the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics Congenital adrenal hyperplasia some girls have this caused by a genetic defect their genitals vary in how much they look like male or female they grow up thinking of themselves as girls yet are less content and show a greater interest in being male Androgen insensitive males genetic error when males bodies look female develop a female gender identity and are usually attracted to males boys penis is missing right after being born and raised as females Pelvis field defect Gender Role Set of expectations that prescribes how both sexes should think act and feel A role A part that you play in a group with a set of expectation Being a student has several expectations when you meet those expectations you them you are not are said to be a good student when you do not meet a good student Ex what should men do strong emotionally and physically handy provide Ex what should women do nurturing emotional physical appearance Gender Stereotypes Widely held beliefs about characteristics that are deemed appropriate for males and females Thoughts not the Shoulds where the shoulds come from Ex women are bad drivers Ex men messy one track minded stubborn strong Gender Identity most children acquire by 3 yrs emerges before 2 yrs One s sense of being female or male Should be focused on how masculine or how feminine you feel Ex a tomboy might have a gender identity of being more masculine Gender Typing Association of objects activities roles or traits with biological sex in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes of gender traditional Ex fighting is more characteristic of a traditional masculine role Ex crying is more characteristic of a traditional feminine role Gender Stereotypes Personality Stereotypes Instrumental traits males Competence independence rationality assertiveness Expressive traits females Warmth caring sensitivity Historically how we divide and associate with both men and women Physical Stereotypes Typical man tall strong sturdy Typical woman soft dainty graceful Occupation Stereotypes Males truck driver plumber doctor Females hairstylist nurse flight attendant When one violates our expectation and stereotypes the men are gay feminine and the women are lesbians masculine butch unattractive over generalizations Recent research continues to find that gender stereotyping is spreading widely Psychological gender differences are due to social experiences and influences Social Role Theory Gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men social hierarchy and division of labor strongly influence gender differences in power assertiveness and nurture Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender Stems from Freud s view that preschool children develop erotic feelings toward the opposite sex parent Eventually these feelings cause anxiety so that at 5 or 6 years of age children renounce these feelings and identify with the same sex parent unconsciously adopting the same sex parent s characteristics Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Emphasizes that children s gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior and through rewards and punishments they experience for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior Gender schema theory gender typing emerges as children gradually develop schemas of what is gender appropriate and gender in their culture organizes the world in terms of male inappropriate and female Mothers socialization strategies In many cultures mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons They place more restrictions on daughters independence Fathers socialization strategies More attention to sons activities and effort into their intellectual development Children show that they are more likely to play in same sex than mixed sex groups Increases between 4 and 6 years of age Early Childhood 18 mos Age 2 Notice children start to make subtle associations like men are rough and sharp and women are soft and round Age they label themselves as boys or girls 19 mos 3 yrs Early Childhood External characteristics and activities determine gender One study showed that preschoolers linked toys articles of clothing tools household items games occupations and colors with one sex or the other Rigid rules Can t have long hair or wear a skirt and be a boy Study from 2003 Girls can t be rough or be a doctor Middle Childhood and Adolescence Shift external to internal Stereotypes move to less obvious areas like personality and achievement The rules become more flexible however they still respond harshly to boys being girly Personality traits Assign masculine adj tough rational cruel and feminine gentle affectionate and dependent to either male or female figure Achievement areas Girls Reading spelling music Boys Math science athletics Sex Differences Males and females are more alike than different Don t vary in general intelligence but do vary in specific abilities Where differences do occur Mental Abilities Verbal abilities Girls a little ahead of boys Mathematical abilities Girls early years later years boys Spacial abilities timed men do better priming no difference Personality Traits Emotional Sensitivity Self report girls more than boys Ex won the lottery emotional Ex men in a bar fight emotional 4 areas of socioemotional development Aggression 1 Boys more than girls Relational aggression didn t include in definition this is why they found discrepancy involves harming someone by manipulating a relationship Ex gossip and rumors rejecting people Ex Mean Girls shown more in girls Emotional 2 no gender differences individual person difference Relationship Communication 3 Rapport talk the language of conversation and a way of est connections and negotiating relationships Girls enjoy and conversation that is relationship oriented more rapport talk than boys do Report talk talk that gives information Ex public speaking Males hold center stage through report talk with verbal as storytelling joking and lecturing information performances
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