CHILD PSYCH FINAL EXAMFamily*Styles of parenting during childhood and adolescence *2 Separate dimensions of Parenting:1) Emotionally2) Control*Emotionally1) High*warm, loving, responsive to desires of child*child centered2) Low*cold, rejecting, unresponsive*parent centered*Control-how much control parents exert1) High*set clear rules, discipline when rules are broken, don’t tolerate unacceptableor immature behaviors. Hold high standards and monitor child’s behavior2) Low*do not set clear rules, lack of or inconsistent discipline. Allow child to express impulses-Parent styles are based on combined dimensionsWarm, Responsive Cold, UnresponsiveHigh Control Authoritative AuthoritarianLow Control Permissive, Indulgent Uninvolved, Neglecting*Child outcomes predicted with each parent style:1) Conflicted-Irritable*Anxious, low self concept, does not feel in control of like*looks to others for approval and what to do*Vulnerable to stress*Matches Authoritarian parenting style2) Impulsive-Aggressive*compliant, low achievement, impulse, and aggressive*Usually not severe delinquency*Matches Permissive parenting style3) Neglected*lack of attachment, low achievement, low social skills*truancy, precocious sex, delinquency*Matches Uninvolved parenting style4) Energetic- Friendly*high self concept, high achievements, high self control*low anti-social behaviors, high attachment*Matches Authoritative parenting styleExceptions to the Rules1) For poor minorities in dangerous neighborhoods, authoritative style does not have the bestoutcome. Authoritarian has the best adjustment2) Asian (Chinese) parents who are authoritarian tend be viewed very positively and have positive child outcome*Authoritarian has a different meaning in Asian culture, which values family and cultural standards over independence and internal standardsDiscipline*negative consequences when child misbehaves*not necessarily physical punishment or severe*Regularly use discipline-Authoritarian and Authoritative *How to Punish Effectively1) When possible, negative consequences should be immediate and consistent 2) Rules and consequences for breaking rules should be clear3) Never threaten if parent cannot follow through4) Avoid all physical punishment *current recommendation of National Academy of Pediatrics*Reasons why to avoid physical punishment1) Child gets aroused so less likely to learn a lesson2) Provides aggressive model for child3) Danger of escalating into abuse*Alternatives to Physical Punishment-Infancy*punishment rarely appropriate before 6 months*when old enough to get into things, use a firm NO to redirect attention-Habit Train to engage in good behaviors-Make it easy for them to behave well and reinforce kids for good behavior-Start young-When child starts to test limits (around 9 months) remove the child from the situation entirely.*Test limits to touch something when told not to, put baby back in the cribToddlers and Young Children*Beginning around 1.5-2 years recommend time outs*Can be used until 7-8 years depending on the child*Punishing the child with boredom*Chair in the hallway where there is no stimulation, parent must watch throughout timeout*Start with one minute per age year*Needs to be done immediately and consistently -Must sit quietly, no talking or explaining during the time out-Goal is to bore the child-Sending child to bedroom is not effective because that is not boring and the child associates bedroom with punishment*Proper Timing for Time outs1) State the Offense-you hit the dog, go to time out-why is this important? So the child understands why they are going to time out2) Time Out Served3) Rationale-it is wrong to hurt animals because…-important that this is last because the punishment needs to be immediate4) Be Calm-neither angry or affectionate*If the child won’t serve the time out:-Increase the time when the child gets up-But set a time limit*young= 12 mins*older= 25 mins-Remove privilege when the child gets up-Hold the child from behind*Can timeouts be used in the Classroom?-Difficult to supervise-Too many distractions from the time out from positive reinforcement from other children-Child is in time out, other children laugh and point, child gets positive reinforcement*At about 5 years, depending on the child, until teen age years, use the removal of a privilege-TV, dessert, car, phone, internet-Proper timing for privilege removal*Nature of privilege may require that punishment be delayed (grounded on the weekend) so that rational may need to come before the punishment*Can review it again after the punishment is given and served How Quality of Marriage/Divorce affects Children*Quality of Marriage-Martial conflict affects children in 2 ways:1) Stress for parents leads to poor parenting which in turn leads to children’sproblems (indirect)2) Harm child when witnesses conflict*Birth of child creates conflict/stress in all relationships-particularly weak relationships*Women show more martial dissatisfaction with infant*Even good marriages may need help sometimes*Divorce-Almost 50% of first marriages end in divorce-60% of remarriages end in divorce-view divorce as life transition not as a discrete event-during the first year after divorce, parent and child adjustment gets worse-By 2nd-3rd year, most kids learn how to cope*but kids are still at risk*25% of children show long term psychological problems-Overall, more problems seen in boys both immediate and delayed-Girls show more problems in adolescence -Boys more vulnerable to stressful situations*Problems in Divorce-Parenting skills decline (more stress, less time)-Less consistency in discipline, less responsiveness-Less supervision*Child gets more demanding and negative with Mom (greater in boys)*Boys act out more and are more aggressive*declining in grades and more drop outs*decline in peer relationships (more with boys)*drug use and precocious sex (apparent in both sexes)*depression in adolescence (greater in girls)*What predicts if children’s problems resolve?-Cooperation between parents and little conflict-What % of divorced parents cooperate?*25%-Frequent contact with non-custodial parent is good, particularly importantfor son/father contact, but also important for daughters-Works if you don’t put children between parents-Daughters most likely to be put in between parents-If mom has a new male relationship do boys benefit?*YES, if the new man is responsive and the child is young*Age: Generally better at coping with divorce when
View Full Document
Unlocking...