DEP3103 Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 10 Emotional Development 1 Know the Functions of Emotions section particularly the functionalist approach to emotion and the different domains emotions are involved in e g cognitive processing social behavior a Emotion Rapid appraisal of personal significance of situations b Functionalist Approach emphasizing that the broad functions of emotions is to energize i Feeling ii Triggered because important to individual behavior aimed at attaining personal goals i Energize behaviors ii Prepare for action 2 Know the section including all key terms and developmental patterns if applicable in the Development of Emotional Expression section a First Appearance of Basic Emotions i Earliest emotional life consists mainly of two global arousal states 1 Attraction to pleasant stimulation 2 Withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation ii Middle of first year become well organized iii Facial expressions offer most reliable cues of infant emotions iv Across cultures interpret same emotions v Basic emotions 1 Can be directly inferred from facial expressions 2 Happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust 3 Evolutionary history promote survival broad grin evoked by the stimulus of a human face b Happiness i Smile from birth ii Social smile 6 to 10 weeks 1 Social smile iii Laugh 3 to 4 months c Fear i First fears 6 to 12 months ii Stranger anxiety 8 to 12 months 1 Wariness to unfamiliar adults 2 Not universal 3 Depends on a Temperament b Past experience with strangers c Current situation iii Secure base point from which to explore venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support DEP3103 Final Exam Study Guide d Self Conscious Emotions i Self conscious emotions involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self 1 Include shame embarrassment guilt envy and pride ii Emerge end of second year iii Need adult instruction about when to feel them 1 Adult feedback is strongly related to self evaluation e Emotional self regulation i Emotional Self Regulation strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level to accomplish our goals ii Requires voluntary effortful management of emotions iii Improves gradually as a result of brain development and assistance of caregivers iv Well developed emotional self regulation emotional self efficacy in young people 1 The feeling of being in control of their emotional experience a Favorable self image b Optimistic outlook and decide what to do about it can be done about an outcome emotions v Problem centered coping Appraise the situation as changeable identify the difficulty vi Emotion centered coping Internal private and aimed at controlling distress when little vii Emotional Display Rules Specify when where and how it is appropriate to express 3 Same for Understanding and Responding to Emotions of Others a Begins early i By 3 4 months have expectations for caregiver responses for emotional exchanges ii What happens when violated relying on another person s emotional reaction to appraise an ii Caregivers expression especially voice important iii Caregivers can use to teach children how to react 1 Ex A child falls in playground they will get up and look for reaction from their b Social Referencing i Social referencing uncertain situation caregiver c Empathy and Sympathy i Empathy involves a complex interaction of cognition and affect the ability to detect different emotions to take another s emotional perspective and to feel with that person or respond emotionally in a similar way ii Prosocial or altruistic behavior actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self iii Sympathy feelings of concern or sorrow for another s plight 4 You don t need to memorize the specifics of the Milestones of Emotional Development p 419 but again know the general developmental patterns a Birth to 6 months i Social smile laughter appears expressions of happiness increase when interacting with familiar people emotional expressions gradually become organized signals that are meaningfully related to environmental events b 7 to 12 months i Anger and fear increase in frequency and intensity uses caregiver as secure base regulates emotion by approaching and retreating from stimulation DEP3103 Final Exam Study Guide c 1 to 2 years d 3 to 6 years e 7 to 11 years behavior i Self conscious emotions emerge but depend on monitoring and encouragement of adults i Self conscious emotions are clearly linked to self evaluation i Self conscious emotions are integrated with inner standards of excellence and good 5 Know the section on Temperament and Development you don t need to worry about memorizing the dimensions of temperament in Table 10 1 but you will need to know the categories that Thomas and Chess describe e g easy child difficult child slow to warm up child a Temperament i Temperament regulation early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity self ii Reactivity quickness and intensity of emotional arousal attention and motor action iii Self regulation strategies that modify reactivity iv Cornerstone of personality v Thomas and Chess New York Longitudinal Study 1956 1 First influential model Impacts psychological adjustment vi 1 Increase chances of psych problems OR 2 Protect from negative effects of stress vii Parenting practices b The Structure of Temperament i Easy 40 1 Adapts easily cheerful ii Difficult 10 1 Slow to accept new experiences negative intense reactions 2 Future risk iii Slow to warm up 15 1 Adjusts slowly to new experiences inactive fearful iv Unclassified 35 c Stability of Temperament i Develops with age Not very stable 1 Overall low to moderate stability 2 Prediction after age 3 a Emotion attention and action better estab d b Brain development frontal lobes ii Experiences influence d Temperament and Parenting i Goodness of fit model produce favorable outcomes 1 Temperament child rearing environment 2 Good fit more adaptive functioning 3 Poor fit adjustment problems ii Positive sensitive increase emotion regulation iii Matching temperament child rearing earlier is better Explain how temperament and environment together can e Effortful Control adaptive response Voluntarily suppress dominant response in order to plan and execute a more DEP3103 Final Exam Study Guide i Cookie marshmallow experiment 6 Know the section on Development of Attachment up to the multiple attachments section p 437 You don t need to worry about anything after that page a Attachment i
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