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DEP3103-02: Exam 1 ReviewChapter 1: History, Theories, Research- What are the three historical/philosophical views of childhood? ORIGINAL SIN, TABULA RASA, INNATE GOODNESS- What is the photographic dome? GESELL, DOME THAT OFFERED UNOBTRUSIVE OBSERVATION- What is the nature vs. nurture debate about? WHAT YOU’RE BORN WITH VS. WHAT YOU LEARN- What is the discontinuity (or stage) concept? What is the continuity concept? CONTINUITY=GRADUAL, DISCONTINUITY = DISTINCT/ABRUPTo Which developmentalist (nature driven vs nurture driven) focuses more so o which concept of development (continuity or discontinuity )? NATURE->DISTINCT->DISCONTINUITYNURTURE->GRADUAL->CONTINUITY- What is the difference between an theory and a hypothesis HYPOTHESIS IS TESTABLE! - Theory-interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain and to make predictions- Hypotheses- specific, testable assumptions or predictions- often written as if-then statements- What are the various types of research + drawbacks and benefits of each o (i.e. observational, survey, naturalist observation) o Observation- Trained observers systematically gather, record, and communicate observations.o Laboratory (see “drawbacks”)- controlled setting with many of the complex factors of the “real world” removedo Naturalistic observation - observing behavior in real-world settingso Survey and interview  - often the best and quickest way to get information about people Standardized tests  uniform procedures for administration and scoring  many allow a person’s performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals Limitation: test reliability, variability of scores based on situations (and/or test anxiety), culture bias. Psychophysiological measures (e.g., MRI, EEG)  assess the functioning of the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and endocrine system Case study  in-depth look at a single individual- What is the difference between a longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential design? - Cross-Sectional Approach- A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time.- Longitudinal Approach- A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.- What is descriptive research? aims at observing and recording behavior and can reveal important information, but cannot show cause-and-effect - What is correlational research? describes strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics- What is experimental research? carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant- Independent or predictor variable (IV)a manipulated, influential, experimental factorpotential causecan be manipulated independently of other factors to determine its effects- Dependent or outcome variable (DV)a factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the IVResearchers measure the DV for any resulting effect.- What are the environmental systems in the ecological theory? - Microsystem- school, family peers- mesosystem- Exosystem- friends of amily, neighhbors, media- Macrosystem- cultural beliefs- Chronosystem – aspects of time (i.e. generational)- What is vygotsky’s theory of zone of proximal development? - Portrayed child’s development as inseparable from social and cultural activities- Development of memory, attention, and reasoning involves learning to use the inventions of society, such as language, mathematical systems, and memory strategies.- Children actively construct their knowledge.- Gave social interaction, particularly with adults and knowledgeable others, and culture far more important roles in cognitive development than Piaget dido What is Scaffolding? CHANGING THE LEVEL OF SUPPORT, USED OVER A TEACHING SESSION, ADJUSTING GUIDANCE TO FIT PERFORMANCE LEVELChapter 2: Biological Process & Genes- What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins? MONOZYGOTIC= IDENTICAL TWINS/ ONE EGG, DIZYGOTIC=FRATERNAL TWINS/ 2 SEPARATE EGGS- What is Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest (natural selection) & adaption behavior? Natural selection: evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones who survive and reproduce- Those who do survive and reproduce pass on their characteristics to the next generation.Adaptive behavior: behavior that promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat.- What is meiosis and mitosis? MITOSIS= CELL REPLICATION, IDENTICAL; MEIOSIS= FORMS SEX CELLS, EACH EGG OR SPERM THEN HAS 23 UNPAIRED CHROMOSOMES - What are sources of genetic variability? GENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, COMBINING GENES OF TWO PARENTS IN OFFSPRING- What are dominant vs recessive genes? - Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle -the dominant gene of a pair exerts its effects, overriding potential influence of the recessive gene-recessive gene exerts its influence only if the 2 genes of a pair are both recessive- What is the epigenetic view? DEVELOPMENT IS THE RESULT OF AN ONGOING, BI-DIRECTIONAL INTERCHANGE BETWEEN HEREDITY & THE ENVIRONMENT. COMBINATION OF NATURE AND NURTURE.- What are active, passive, and evocative genotype-environment correlations? - 3 Heredity-Environment Correlations - Passive genotype-environment correlationsoccur because biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child- Evocative genotype-environment correlationsoccur because a child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments- Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlationsoccur when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating- What are shared vs. non-shared environmental experiences? Shared environmental experiences may include:-parents’ personalities-intellectual orientation-family’s socioeconomic status-neighborhoodNon-Shared environmental experiences may include-the child’s unique experiences-within the family and outside the familyChapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth- What are the various periods of prenatal development? GERMINAL, EMBRYONIC, FETAL- What is organogenesis? 1ST TRIMESTER WHEN ORGANS DEVELOP- What are blastocysts and trophoblasts? BLASTOCYSTS= INNER PART OF CELL WHICH BECOMES EMBRYO, TROPHOBLASTS= OUTER PART WHICH BECOMES PLACENTA, UMBILICAL CORD ETC.- What is the purpose of the umbilical cord and the placenta? NUTRIENTS AND BLOODFLOW-


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FSU DEP 3103 - Exam 1 Review

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