DEP3103 Fall 2014 Study Guide Exam 3 NOTE Exams may contain material not included on this guide Material on guide is not guaranteed to be on exams Use this information as a GUIDE for your studying but do not treat it as a map that will show you everything This information comes from the textbook AND the lectures Chapter 10 Emotional Development Any lecture material we covered Know the Functions of Emotions section particularly the functionalist approach to emotion and the different domains emotions are involved in e g cognitive processing social behavior o Functionalist approach to emotion Emphasizes that the broad function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals Emotions arise from ongoing exchanges between the person and the environment In this view emotions are central in all our endeavors cognitive processing social behavior and physical health Functionalist approach o Energize behavior o Prepare for action o Central to personal goals How and why we attain them o Cognitive Processing Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival No Don t touch the fire Or electrical outlet or stove etc OR get too close to the edge where can hurt self Don t have to experience to avoid danger The emotion cognition relationship is evident in the impact of anxiety on performance test talent show show and tell emotions also powerfully affect memory fear of doctor after shot o Social Behavior Children s emotional signals powerfully affect the behavior of others whose emotional reactions in turn regulate children s social behavior With age infants begins to initiate as well as respond to emotional expressions by the end of the first year babies become increasingly skilled at joint attention following the caregiver s line of regard Two childhood growth disorders resulting from emotional deprivation are nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism Persistent psychological stress is associated with a variety of health difficulties from infancy Know the section including all key terms and developmental patterns if applicable in the Development of o Emotions and Health to adulthood Emotional Expression section o Emotions Is a rapid appraisal of the personal significance of situations Triggered because important to individual o Basic Emotions Earliest emotional life consists mainly of two global arousal states Attraction to pleasant stimulation Withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation Middle of first year expressions become well organized Facial expressions offer most reliable cues of infant emotions Across cultures interpret same emotions Basic emotions can be directly inferred from facial expressions Happiness surprise fear anger sadness disgust interest contempt Evolutionary history promote survival Social smile broad grin evokes by stimulus of a human face o Happiness Smile from birth Social smile 6 to 10 weeks Laugh 3 to 4 months o Fear Stranger Anxiety 8 to 12 months Wariness to unfamiliar adults Not universal What would this depend on o Temperament o Past experience with strangers o Current situation with strangers environment and then return to for emotional support A toddler s level of stranger anxiety is most likely affected by past experiences Secure base familiar caregiver from which infants use to explore venture into the o Self Conscious Emotions Involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self Include shame embarrassment guilt envy and pride Emerge end of second year Need adult instruction about when to feel them Adult feedback is strongly related to self evaluation enhancement of the sense of self o Emotional Self Regulation Emotional self regulation Self conscious emotions are a second higher order set of feelings that involve injury to or Strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level to accomplish our goals Improves gradually as a result of brain development and assistance of caregivers Requires voluntary effortful management of emotions Well developed emotional self regulation emotional self efficacy in young people The feeling of being in control of their emotional experience o Favorable self image o Optimistic look Same for Understanding and Responding to Emotions of Others o Begins early By 3 4 months have expectations for caregiver responses for emotional exchanges By 5 months perceive facial expressions as organized patterns and can match the emotion in a voice with the appropriate face of a specking person understandings that permit infants to actively seek emotional information from trusted caregivers What Happens when violated A baby coos and pats his mother s face but she does not respond The baby makes repeated attempts through facial expressions vocalizations and body movements to gain her attention all to no avail The baby is now likely to engage in a withdrawal response o Social Referencing Social referencing relying on another person s emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation Caregivers can use to teach children how to react You don t need to memorize the specifics of the Milestones of Emotional Development p 419 but again know the general developmental patterns o Milestones o Emotional Development Age Birth 6 months Emotional Expressiveness Emotional Understanding o Detects emotions by matching the caregiver s feeling tone in face to face communication o Social smile emerges o Laughter appears o Expressions of happiness increase when interacting with familiar people o Emotional expression gradually become organized signals that are meaningfully related to environmental events o Anger and fear increase in frequency and intensity o Uses caregiver as a secure base o Regulates emotion by approaching and retreating from stimulation o Self conscious emotions emerge but depend on monitoring and encouragement of adults o Detects the meaning of others emotional signals o Engages in social referencing o Begins to appreciate that others emotional reactions may differ from one s own o Acquires a vocabulary 7 12 months 1 2 years 3 6 years 7 11 years of emotional terms o Displays empathy o Understanding of causes consequences and behavioral signs of emotion improves in accuracy and complexity o As language develops empathy becomes more reflective o Can reconcile conflicting cues when explaining others emotions o Is aware that people can have mixed feelings and that their expressions may not reflect their true feelings o Empathy increases as emotional understanding and perspective
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