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Child Psychology Spring 2012 Study Guide Family part 11. For each of the 4 parenting styles, be able to thoroughly explain the following.a. Where does each style falls on the dimensions of emotionality & control?a. Authoritative: High Control, High emotionality b. Authoritarian: High control, low emotionalityc. Permissive indulgent: low control, high emotionalityd. Uninvolved Neglecting: low control, low emotionalityb. Describe in detail each of the 4 styles. a. Authoritative: Set clear rules, discipline when rules broken, don’t tolerate unacceptable or immature behavior, hold high standards, monitor child’s behavior…warm, loving, responsive to desires of child, “child centered”b. Authoritarian: Set clear rules, discipline when rules broken, don’t tolerate unacceptable or immature behavior, hold high standards, monitor child’s behavior…cold, rejecting, unresponsive, parent-centeredc. Permissive Indulgent: Don’t set clear rules, lack of or inconsistent discipline, allow child to express impulses… warm, loving, responsive to desires of child, “child centered”d. Uninvolved Neglecting: Don’t set clear rules, lack of or inconsistent discipline, allow child to express impulses… cold, rejecting, unresponsive, parent-centeredc. Know which 2 styles are likely to use some form of punishment.a. Authoritarian and Authoritatived. Describe the most probable child outcome that results from each style.a. Authoritarian produced conflicted-irritable children: anxious, low self-concept, don’t feel in control of life, look to others for approval and what to do, vulnerable to stressb. Permissive Indulgent produce impulsive-aggressive children: non-compliant, low achievement, impulsive and aggressivec. Uninvolved Neglecting produce neglected children: lack of attachment, low achievement, low social skills, truancy, precocious sex, delinquencyd. Authoritative produce: energetic-friendly, high self-concept, high achievement, high self-control, low anti social behavior, high attachmente. Describe 2 notable exceptions to the rules described in “d” above.a. For poor minorities in dangerous neighborhoods, best adjustment with authoritarianb. Asian parents who are authoritarian tend to be viewed very positively and have positive child outcomes2. Discipline/Punishmenta. What is the definition of punishment or discipline?1) Negative consequence when child misbehaves (not necessarily physical or severe)b. List and explain 4 general recommendations for using punishment effectively.1) When possible, negative consequences should be immediate and consistent2) Rules and consequences for breaking rules should be clear3) Never threaten if cannot follow through4) Avoid all physical punishmentc. Explain each of the reasons given for avoiding all physical punishment?1) Child gets aroused so less likely to learn lesson2) Provides an aggressive model3) Danger of escalating into abused. Explain why punishment is not appropriate prior to 6 months of age?1) They don’t get it, they don’t understand what the punishment is and why itis happeninge. When infants do become old enough to warrant punishment (6-7 months), what isthe recommended way to punish behaviors that you want to stop from occurring?1) Firm “No!” and redirection of attention2) Habit train to engage in good behaviors, make it easy for them to behave well and reinforce good behaviors3) Start youngf. When infants start to test the limits (e.g., by repeatedly doing the same behavior despite knowing they shouldn’t), what is the recommended way to stop them from repeatedly misbehaving and let them know that you mean business.1) Remove them from the situation entirelyg. Explain “time out.”1) From what are they being “timed out?”i. Positive reinforcement2) Describe the rules for using time out effectively. We discussed roughly 5 or 6 rules.i. Punishing with boredomii. Chair in hallway, no stimulation, parent watches throughoutiii. Start with 1 minute per year of ageiv. Must sit quietlyv. No talking or explaining during time out3) What is the proper timing for administering time out—that is, what comes first, second, etc.?i. First, state the offence i.e. you hit the dogii. Time out is servediii. Explain the rationale: it is wrong to hurt animals, make sure rationale is age appropriateiv. Be calm4) For what ages (the youngest and oldest) is time out likely to be effective?i. Starting around 1.5-2 years and ending around 7-8 years5) What are some strategies you can use if the child won’t serve his or her time out sentence?i. Increase time when they get upii. Remove privilege when they get upiii. Hold from behind, not angrily or affectionately6) Explain why it is difficult to use time out in classrooms.i. Difficult to supervise, too many distractions to be T-O from positive reinforcementh. When children are older, what is likely to be a more effective way to punish bad behavior than time out, and why?1) Removal of privilege, because older kids are more affecting by a tangible item being taken away as opposed to timei. How does the timing for privilege removal differ from the timing for time out, and why?1) Nature of privilege may require that punishment is delayed, for example, being grounded on the weekend so the rationale needs to come before thepunishmentChild Psychology Spring 2012 Study Guide Family part 21. Marital conflict & divorcea. Marital conflict can potentially hurt children in 2 ways, one of which is more indirect and one of which is direct. Explain both.a. Indirect: Stress for parents  poor parenting, which in turn  child problemsb. Direct: harms child when witness conflictb. The birth of a child can create tension in a marital relationship for both parents. On average, who is likely to feel more marital dissatisfaction—mother or father—and why?a. Mother, because they are more likely spending more time with the newborn and they are probably more tired, overworked, etc.c. What percent of first marriages end in divorce and what percent of remarriages end in divorce?a. 50% first marriages end in divorceb. 60% second marriages end in divorced. Describe what happens to children’s adjustment during the first year following divorce, as well as during years 2-3 following divorce.a. During first year, parent’s and child’s adjustment get worseb. 2nd-3rd year, most kids learn to cope, kids are still at riske. While most children eventually learn to cope with their parents’ divorce, what percent


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FSU DEP 3103 - Study Guide

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Chapter 1

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Emotions

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38 pages

Chapter 4

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Chapter 1

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Exam 2

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