FSU DEP 3103 - Chapter 1: History, Theories, Research

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Child Psychology DEP3103-02: Exam 1 Study GuideChapter 1: History, Theories, Research• What are the three historical/philosophical views of childhood?- Original sin- Tabula rasa- Innate goodness• What is the photographic dome? - The photographic dome was a dome shaped room with cameras moving along a track at the top in which children were enclosed in a more “natural environment.” The idea was that they wouldn’t know they were being observed. • What is the nature vs. nurture debate about?- Whether a person’s characteristics are a result of their inherited genetic material or their environment.• What is the discontinuity (or stage) concept? What is the continuity concept?- The continuity concept describes human development as a gradual cumulative change, while the discontinuity concept describes development as distinct stages. o Which developmentalist (nature driven vs nurture driven) focuses more so on which concept of development (continuity or discontinuity)?• What is the difference between an theory and a hypothesis o Theory: interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain and to make predictionso Hypothesis: specific, testable assumptions or predictions often written as if-then statements• What are the various types of research + drawbacks and benefits of each o Observational research: subjects can be observed without being conscious of researchers; therefore their behavior is more natural. Observation can be done ina laboratory or in the real world. In the case of the latter, few variables can be controlled.o Survey research: large bodies of subjects can be researched with relative ease, but often it is difficult to survey a random group of people. Also, people often respond in the manner they think they are expected to respond. o Naturalist observation research: behavioral observation that takes place in real-world setting.• What is the difference between a longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential design?o Cross sectional approach: A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time.o Longitudinal approach: A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.o Sequential Design: • What is descriptive research?o Descriptive Research: research that involves observing and recording behavior. • What is correlational research?o Correlational Research: Research in which the goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.• What is experimental research?o Experimental Research: a carefully regulated procedure in which one ore more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant. • What are the environmental systems in the ecological theory?o Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem.• What is Vygotsky’s theory of zone of proximal development?o Zone of Proximal Development: Vygotsky’s term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with assistance from adults or more-skilled children. o What is Scaffolding? Scaffolding: In cognitive development, Vygotsky used this term to describe the practice of changing the level of support provided over the course of a teaching session, with the more-skilled person adjusting guidance to fit the child’s current performance level. Chapter 2: Biological Process & Genes• What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?o Monozygotic: originating from one zygote, or identical twins. o Dizygotic: each twin originated from its on zygote, or fraternal/sororal twins. • What is Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest (natural selection) & adaption behavior?o Natural selection is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of aspecies that are best adapted are the ones who survive and reproduce. o Adaptive behavior: behavior that promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat. • What is meiosis and mitosis? o Meiosis: the process by which sex cells multiply.o Mitosis: the process by which body cells multiply. • What are sources of genetic variability?o Chromosomes in zygotes are not exact copies of those in mother’s ovaries and father’s testeso Changes occur during separation and recombination of chromosomes during meiosis, (crossing over) o Sex differences on 23rd pair of chromosomes: XX and XY.o Genotype vs. phenotype.o Mutations• What are dominant vs recessive genes?o The dominant gene of a pair exerts its effects, overriding the potential influence of the recessive gene. • What is the epigenetic view?o The view that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment. • What are active, passive, and evocative genotype-environment correlations?o Active: (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations, which occur when children seek out environments they find stimulating and compatible. o Passive: occur because biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child. o Evocative: occur because a child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments. • What are shared vs. non-shared environmental experiences?o Non-shared:  The child’s unique experiences within and outside familyo Shared:  Parents’ personalities Intellectual orientation  Family’s socioeconomic status NeighborhoodChapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth• What are the various periods of prenatal development?o Germinal, embryonic, and fetal• What is organogenesis? o The process by which organs form during the first two months of prenatal development• What are blastocysts and trophoblasts?o Blastocyst: the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo.o Trophoblast: the outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. These cells provide nutrition and support for the embryo.• What is the purpose of the umbilical cord and the placenta?o To transfer blood from mother to baby.• What problems can result from the underdevelopment of neural networks or the neural tube?o Acecnephaly and spina bifida, which are birth defects related to failure of neural tube to close. • What are Teratogens? Teratogens are agents which cause birth defects, originating from the greek word tera, meaning “monster”. o What are the three factors that can


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FSU DEP 3103 - Chapter 1: History, Theories, Research

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