Study Guide Ch 5 9 for Exam 2 NOTE Exams may contain material not included on this guide Material on guide is not guaranteed to be on exams Use this information as a GUIDE for your studying but do not treat it as a map that will show you everything This information comes from the textbook AND the lectures Chapter 5 Physical Growth genes influence growth by controlling the body s production of and sensitivity to hormones a 2 Nutrition crucial during the first two years when infants need extra calories to keep their rapidly Know the main factors that affect physical growth 1 Heredity process that can be disrupted by mutations developing organs functioning properly during a time of rapid brain and body growth Infectious Disease malnutrition is a vicious spiral to psychosocial dwarfism a growth disorder 3 4 Emotional well being Extreme emotional deprivation can interfere with the production of GH leading especially when children are poorly fed ordinary childhood illnesses interact with What gender differences and similarities exist in relation to physical growth Boys slightly shorter than girls than catch up and are taller after puberty Understand the basics of brain neuron growth as well as related terms ex the different lobes lateralization pruning etc Newborn s brain is disproportionally large because it is 25 of size of adult brain while their body is less than 5 of the adult weight By age 2 brain is 75 size of the adult brain weight and child s body is only 20 of it s adult weight Synaptic pruning neurons which don t form a connection with other neurons with experience die About 40 pruned so there is no using energy needed for growth Lateralization of Brain Function refers to how some functions or cognitive processes tend to be more dominant in one hemisphere over another Before lateralization occurs if part of the cortex is damaged other parts can take over the tasks it would have handled This enables humans to cope with changing environmental demands by permitting a wider array of functions to be carried out effectively than would be possible if both sides processed information in exactly the same way LEFT HEMISPHERE sensory information and control of right side of the body verbal abilities positive emotion sequential analytical processing RIGHT HEMISPHERE sensory information and control of the left side of the body spatial ability negative emotion holistic integrative processing Corpus callosum the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres This is the source of communication for the two halves What is the difference between experience expectant and experience dependent brain growth Experience Expectant Growth ordinary experiences expected by brain to grow normally Refers to the young brain s rapidly developing organization opportunities to see and touch objects to hear language and other sounds and to move and explore the environment THIS IS DEPENDENT ON ORDINARY EXPERIENCES IN EVERYDAY LIFE Experience Dependent Growth additional growth as a result of specific learning experiences A lifelong process consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures THIS RELIES ON SPECIFIC LEARNING EXPERIENCES THAT VARY WIDELY ACROSS INDIVIDUALS AND CULTURES Practicing the violin is an example of an activity that would promote experience dependent brain growth In the Factors Affecting Physical Growth section focus on nutrition over infectious disease and emotional well being In the child s first couple years of life it is crucial for the child to eat food full of nutrients for their body Infants need to be consuming extra calories to keep up with their rapidly growing body and developing organs The appetite of a child is very unpredictable in preschool age children In adolescence food intake increases dramatically and poor food choices become common Having more family meals is linked to healthier eating Know the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics Primary Sex Characteristics physical features that involve the reproductive organs DIRECTLY Females ovaries uterus and vagina Males penis scrotom and testes Secondary Sexual Characteristics features visible on the outside of the body not involving reproductive organs that serve as additional signs of sexual maturity Females breasts underarm and pubic hair Males voice change facial hair underarm pubic hair Female puberty begins with budding of the breasts growth spurt and appearance of pubic hair The first menarche period happens later in puberty First sign of puberty for males is the enlargement of the testes How is the adolescent brain different than an adult brain The neurons in the adolescent brain become very responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters which means they react more strongly to stressful events experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely These changes are likely to contribute to a teenagers drive for novel experiences ex drugs and drinking The brain growth in adolescence is very uneven like the rest of the teenager s body The immature prefrontal cortex may allow for troublesome adolescent behavior Know the main differences between anorexia and bulimia nervosa Anorexia Nervosa tragic eating disturbance in which young people mostly girls starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat This has increased very sharply in the past half century among North American and Western European girls These people have a extremely distorted body image thinking they are too heavy This affects 1 of teen girls are is common to all SES groups and has cultural and family influences The physical consequences of anorexia are severe menarche may not occur or menstrual periods may stop if allowed to continue this can result in shrinking of heart muscle kidney failure and irreversible brain damage and loss of bone mass Research on this shows how anorexia nervosa in adolescence shows that menarche does not occur or menstrual periods stops in females with anorexia Bulimia Nervosa strict diet and exercise binge eating then purging where the person deliberately makes themselves vomit and purge with laxatives This is more common that anorexia 2 4 of teen girls and is also influenced by heredity as well as personal or family factors but is easier to treat Bulimics unlike anorexics are aware that their eating habits are not normal and feel depressed and guilty which makes it
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