Chapter 10 Emotional Development Know the Functions of Emotions section particularly the functionalist approach to emotion and the different domains emotions are involved in e g cognitive processing social behavior Functionalist approach to emotions emphasize the broad function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals 1 Emotions arise from ongoing exchanges between the person and the 2 environment ex stress of a test and walking into the testing environment can create a strong emotion In this view emotions are central in all our endeavors personal goals cognitive processing social behavior physical health Cognition Social Health Leads to learning essentail for survival Can impair learning Affect behavior of others Regulate own behavior Influence well being growth Stress related to diseases Know the section including all key terms and developmental patterns if applicable in the Development of Emotional Expression section o Basic emotions can be directly inferred from facial expressions emerge early in life because no introspection self reflection is required universal in humans and other primates have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival examples include happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust o Social smile broad grin evoked by sight of human face appears in 6 10 weeks o Stranger anxiety most frequent expression of fear appears during 8 12 months a response to unfamiliar adults based on past experiences with strangers NOT universal in collective caregiving systems stranger anxiety is not as prevalent o Secure base babies use of familiar caregiver as the point from which to explore venturing into the environment then returning for emotional support o Self concious emotions higher order set of feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self shame embarrassment guilt envy and pride emerge in 2nd year need adult instruction when to feel them related to self evaluation o Emotional self regulation strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level to accomplish our goals requires voluntary effortful management of emotions improves gradually as a result of brain development and assistance of caregivers Ex consider child s ability to manage reactions compared to older kid teen and adult Well developed emotional self regulation leads to an acquired sense of self efficacy in young people favorable self image optimistic outlook Responding to Emotions of Others o Social referencing relying on another persons emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation around 8 10 months Babies response to the combination of facial expression and voice of the mother is more effective than just one or the other o Temperament early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation these traits are the cornerstone of the adult personality Low to moderate stability because it develops with age Reactivity variations in quickness intensity of emotional arousal attention and motor action Self regulation strategies used to control the quickness intensity o Goodness of Fit Model explains how temperament and environment pressures together produce favorable outcomes specific child rearing environments that recognize each childs temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning You don t need to memorize the specifics of the Milestones of Emotional Development p 419 but again know the general developmental patterns AGE 0 6 MO 7 12 MO 1 2 YR 3 6 YR 7 11 YR EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIVEMENESS Social smile laughter happiness expressions all increase Anger fear increase uses caregivers as secure base stranger anxiety Self conscious emotions emerge language forms Self conscious emotions are clearly linked to self evaluation representation and language increase Self concious emotions integrated with good behavior and inner EMOTIONAL UNDERSTANDING Detects emotions by matching caregivers feeling still face experiment Social referencing Acquire vocabulary of emotional terms display empathy Understanding of causes consequences and behavioral signals empathy and language increase Perspective improves aware of fact people can have mixed feelings and standards of excellence that their expressions may not reflect their true feelings you will need to know the categories that Thomas and Chess describe e g easy child difficult child slow to warm up child o Easy Child 40 adapts easily cheerful quick to establish regular routines in infancy o Difficult child 10 irregular daily routines slow to accept new experiences reacts negatively and intensely HIGH risk for adjustment problems in early and middle childhood o Slow to warm up child 15 adjusts slowly to new experiences mild low key reactions inactive and fearful Understand the different styles of attachment and how they can affect life both as a child and as an adult o Which types of attachment are most common Are all cultures the same Four types of attachment 70 o Secure upset when caregiver leaves happy when they return most common 60 o Resistant ambivalent upset when caregiver leaves simultaneously seeks comfort and is upset when caregiver returns 10 12 o Avoidant little reaction to caregiver leaving or returning 20 25 o Disorganized most recently added inconsistent behaviors common in infants who have been abused 5 8 Social differences attachment is universal but attachment behaviors are not but secure attachments are norm across cultures o Japan has mostly secure 68 and avoidant is 0 because they are used to being in close contact with their mothers continuously o Israel has 80 secure attachment o Western Europe only has 6 resistant lowest of the societies Stability of Attachment o Stable for middle SES secure and disorganized attachment styles o Low SES usually lead to changes in one insecure pattern to another of attachment styles Chapter 11 Self and Social Understanding What is social cognition and how does it relate to developmental psychology How children come to understand their multifaceted social world development proceeds from concrete to abstract simple one sided explanations to complex interacting relationships better organization and metacognitive understanding MORE complex than nonsocial cognition How does the mark and mirror test measure self awareness How do animals differ from humans Chimps were marked with red dye on their left upper eyebrow and right upper ear odorless and tactile free the chimps were studied as they looked at themselves to
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