DEP3103 Final Exam Test 4 TV Other Media and Aggression 1 On basic facts about the contents of TV shows and viewing habits of American Children a On Average how many hours do American children spend with media TV movies videos computer games internet per week b By what age are children spending at least 2 hours glued to the screen c What percent of prime time TV shows contain some violence murders i 40 hours i 2 5 to 3 years of age rape assaults i Fluctuates 90 d Saturday morning shows are geared towards children Does the violence content of Saturday morning shows differ from that of prime time i Fluctuates 60 80 avg 70 cartoons higher 90 s e Across all shows what percent illustrate some negative consequences of violence i e the person committing the violent act get punished i 15 2 Consequences of TV and other Media a What are some potential positive consequences of exposure to educational or prosocial shows academic skills i Some educational shows Sesame Street Elec Company improve ii Some Mr Rogers improve helping and sharing b Explain when positive effects are more likely to occur i Positive effects most likely to be seen when parent of teacher comments on important content c What are the potential negative effects of watching a lot of media regardless of content i Viewing a lot of media of any content increases risks of 1 Obesity low school achievement seizures hand injuries kids bug parents to buy unhealthy products d What are the potential negative effects of watching a lot of violent content Are these effects well documented or is this research still unclear i High levels of violent content causes an increase in child s aggression particularly if 1 Violence seems real on cartoon etc 2 Aggressor not punished or punishment delayed aggressor not punished til end of show and they performed the aggression action at the beginning 3 Aggressor is attractive in some way physically or in a position of power athletic popular 4 Viewer is young 5 Viewer has aggressive tendencies to begin with but effects not limited to previously aggressive kids ii Volumes of research show consistent findings across all kinds of studies Findings also hold for diff media TV movie music CD videos games etc e What are conditions under which negative effects of watching violent content most likely to occur i Increases almost everyone s tolerance for media real life violence so people are less likely to report and try to stop real life violence bystander effect 3 In class we described several possible strategies for reducing the negative effects of media violence Describe each of these and indicate which one s are most likely to be at least somewhat effective a Government censorship b Industry self regulation i Problems who does it Where does it stop i Problems Hasn t worked despite years of pressure Industry says media violence doesn t hurt kids c Parents forbid certain shows friend s house d Parents limit amount negotiate content i Problems makes kids want it more They can see it at their i Good idea for older kids when kids are very young can totally control e V Chip or other electronic device to control TV i Problems rules out some good shows e g Schindler s List f Co Viewing violent shows media to i Contrast reality vs fantasy ii Point out negative consequences of violence iii Express disapproval of aggression iv Shown to be somewhat effective v Parents rarely do this g In contrast co viewing and NOT showing clear disapproval i h Active INCREASES child s aggression attitude change interventions i Ex children 9 10 yrs produced an educational video presumably to teach each other s about the bad consequences of imitating media aggression Video explained that media is not real and violence is bad 1 Needs more research but potentially helpful 4 Catharsis a Catharsis taking frustrations aggression out on an inanimate object i Examples using a punching bag throwing pillows around b How effective is it at reducing an individual s tendency to express anger aggression 5 Chapter 14 Questions i Not effective increases anger and is not good for society a What is the definition of aggression How does instrumental aggression differ from hostile aggression i Aggression behavior that intentionally harms other people by inflicting pain or injury on them Instrumental Aggression others over toys and possessions 1 quarreling and fighting with a Preschool children are more likely to take part in this kind of aggression 2 Hostile Aggression particular person or group criticizing ridiculing tattling on or calling names directing aggressive behavior at a a Older children are more likely to exhibit this kind of aggression 3 When older children recognize that another person wants to hurt them they are more likely to retaliate by a direct assault on the tormenter than by an indirect attack on the aggressor s possessions b Describe gender differences in aggression i Although there are few gender differences in infancy by the time they are toddlers boys are more likely than girls to instigate and be involved in aggressive incidents This gender difference is evident not only across U S socioeconomic groups but in other countries ii Boys and girls aggressive patterns differ in important ways 1 Boys are more likely than girls to retaliate after being attacked and they are more likely to attack a male than a female 2 Boys are more physically confrontational and their expressions of physical aggression are more frequently than those of girls 3 Boys are less likely than girls to engage in negative self evaluation they are less likely to anticipate parental disapproval for acting aggressively and they are also more likely to approve of aggression In attempting to resolve conflicts girls tend to use such strategies as verbal objection and negotiation methods that may take the escalation of a quarrel into overt aggression less likely This does not mean that girls are not aggressive 4 but rather that they use different tactics in achieving their goals 5 Especially in the elementary school years girls often use what is called relational aggression or the damaging or destruction of interpersonal relationships In this girls attempt to exclude peers from group participation besmirch other girls reputations and gossip about each other s negative attributes 6 Researches have found that girls ay choose to harm others by means of social ostracism rather than by direct confrontation As girls enter adolescence they tend to make increasing use of
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