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VI. Newborn TestingA. States require tests of common disorders (ex: PKU, hypothyroid)B. Optional tests ~ 30 rare disordersSome treatable and deadly if not treatedVII. Teratogens (T): Factors that can harm embryo/fetusA. 8 principles1. Effects of T depend on critical periods.Each organ system has different critical periodExs: limbs 5-8 weeks; heart 3-6 weeks2. Each T exerts specific effect(S)Thalidomide: limbs, face, heart, digestive, urinary and genital tractsDES: primarily problems in reproductive tract3. Baby’s and Mom’s genes can decrease or increase effects of T.Why smoking/drinking same amount can have huge or small effects4. One T can intensify (multiply) effects of 2nd T5. Ts often show no effects on MomEx: small amount of drinking, antibioticsMessage: often don’t realize when cause problems6. Different Ts may produce the same defect.Ex: prematurityMessage: hard to know what cause problem in specific baby7. Longer exposure and higher intensity of T increases harmMessages: a) no safe level of Teratogen; b) minimizing exposure helps LOT8. Effects of T can set up self-perpetuating cyclebabies that have some birth defect – if the baby is less easy to care for because it suffered some physiological effect of the teratogen it’s going to be tougher on you to care for the baby.B. Is Dad’s behavior important?1. Directly expose embryo/fetus to T:passive smokingcan be almost as bad as actual smoking2. Indirectly expose:stress on momfighting can be one of the most stressful things you can go throughcreates stress hormones that directly impact embryo of fetusContagious behavior (aka drinking)3. Pass down chromosomes damaged by unhealthy livingEx: excessive drinkingC. Is message: Never take meds during pregnancy?No! Some things need treatment(Ex: hypertension, diabetes, asthma, epilepsy, debilitating depression)I. Definition:1st year OR 1st 18 monthsMarks development of communicative speechII. Natural cycle of arousalA. Sleep1. Newborns: 70% of timelongest 4.5 hours (often only 2 hours)2. By 2 months: Most sleep more at night than day3. By 1 year: Most sleep through night4. 2 kinds of sleepa) regular: face and body relaxed (8-9 hours)b) irregular: eyes/face move, gentle limb movements REMNewborns REM: 50% time (8-9 hours)Older children and adults REM only 20% of timePurposes:1. Neurological stimulation2. Consolidation of new memoriesB. Crying1. Often awaken in state of crying2. 3 types: basic (mild discomfort or hunger), pain, anger1-3 hours total3. Who tells difference better?Moms, but men equally capable4. By 3-4 months, crying caused more by psychological needs than physical needs5. How to respond?Quickly, if baby in need and baby cannot solveMore slowly if sure it’s mild discomfortAnd baby can solve (ex: uncomfortable position)If in doubt, how should you respond?Quickly! Can deal later with excess cryingC. Waking Activity1. Many awake in this state (as opposed to crying)2. Body active (disorganized); mind NOT alertD. Alert inactivity1. After fed2. Mind alert; body relaxed3. Best time to teach or testE. Drowsiness: Eyes open and close; body relaxedIII. Feeding and EliminatingA. Feeding “on demand”Feed when infant shows signs of hungerGives security and reinforces communicationNewborns hungry: every 2-4 hours. Look for early signs of hunger: stirring, stretching, sucking, lip movementsB. GraduallyC. EliminationUrinate:6-18 times/dayDefecate 3-7 times/dayDiaper change: 6-20D. Toilet training begins1.5 to 2 yearsIV. Motor DevelopmentA. Hold head up; sit with support; roll tummy to back3-4 monthsB. Crawl6-7 monthsC. Walk alone15 monthsV. Newborn’s ability to learnA. Operant Conditioning (OC)B.F. SkinnerReinforcement (positive or negative) – when something desirable occurs after the behaviorPositive reinforcement – giving something pleasant (so you’ll want to do something again after you are rewarded)Negative reinforcement– taking something away (that you don’t like so you’ll want to do it again)Ex) you don’t like when the baby cries, so you pick up the baby and the crying stops. You are REMOVING something negative after behavior occursPunishment (positive or negative) – when you reduce the chances of a behavior occurring by doing something undesirable after the behaviorPositive punishment – giving something unpleasantNegative punishment – taking something pleasant awayExtinction – removing reinforcementDo newborns respond to reinforcement?Yes, but need many repetitions and behavior must be easySucking, tongue out, kickingB. Classical ConditioningPavlov’s dogsUnconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that controls the behaviorEx) food on tongueUnconditioned Response (UR): involuntary responseEx) salivation from food on the tongueConditioned Stimulus (CS): bellCS (bell was wrong) –UCS (food placed on tongue)  UR (salivation)CS  CR (over time simply ringing the bell led to salivation)NewbornsUCS = bottle w/ sugar waterUCR = pucker & suckCS = pat on headPat – bottle  pucker & suckPat -> pucker and suck02-19Do newborns classically condition to negative stimuli?No because babies are protected by parents from negative stimuliEx) Doctor gives shots, and baby starts to fear doctor:C. ImitationNewborns imitate very simple behaviorsEx) sticking out tongueImitate more complex behaviors by 6 monthsVI. Perceptual abilitiesA. How to study infants?1. HabituationIf familiar with stimulus, stop responding to it; need more of it to respond2. If reliably looks longer at one thing than another, infant can tell them apartEx) breast-fed 1 week-olds looked longer at breast pad of mom than of nursing strangerWhat does this mean?Babies can discriminate different smells3. OCNewborns will suck in pattern that leads to Mom’s voice vs. other woman’s voiceWhat does this mean?Newborns differentiate different noisesB. Nature of Newborns1. Visiona. objects blurry if not close (20/20 vision 6-12 months)b. discriminate different levels of brightnessidentify movement (25% can track moving object)Newborns know if object getting bigger and bigger, it’s getting closerNewborns have some understanding of depth perceptionFear of height develops after baby can regularly crawl2. Hearinga. discriminate different pitches. What do newborns prefer: high or low pitches?Why?B. discriminate different volumes (loudness)C. discriminate different durations3. Toucha. newborns like gentle touchingb. do newborns feel pain?4. Smell & Tastea. innate preferences:taste: neutral (water)


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FSU DEP 3103 - Prenatal Development

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