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Child Psychology Spring 2012 Study Guide FamilyFamily lectures and assigned readings1. For each of the 4 parenting styles, be able to thoroughly explain the following.a.Where does each style falls on the dimensions of emotionality & control?b. Describe in detail each of the 4 styles. c.Know which 2 styles are likely to use some form of punishment.d. Describe the most probable child outcome from each style.e.Describe 2 notable exceptions to the rules described in “d” above.Authoritative parenting: uses form of punishment- warm and responsive but high control- the parents set reasonable limit and expect appropriately mature behavior from their children- children usually come out with positive outcomes for adolescents and younger children- energetic friendly children: high self concept, high achievement, low anti-social behavior, high attachment, high self control.Authoritarian parenting: uses form of punishment- linked with the behavior of conflicted irritable children- cold and unresponsive, high control- parents are rigid, power asserting harsh and unresponsive.- affects sons more than daughters- conflicted irritable children: anxious, low self-concept, lack control of life - look to others for approval and what to do, vulnerable to stress- TWO EXCEPTIONS:- best for poor minorities in dangerous neighborhoods- Chinese parents who are authoritarian tend to be viewed very positive and have positivechildren outcomes- Authoritarian has different meaning in Asian culture, which values family and cultural standards over independence and internal standards. Permissive parenting:- warm and responsive but low control- produces affectionate relationship between parents and children but leads to impulsive-aggres-sive behavior- impulsive aggressive children: non compliant, low achievement, aggressive.Uninvolved parenting:- rejecting and unresponsive, low control- parents are indifferent or neglect their children and were motivated to do whatever is necessary to minimize the costs in time and effort of interaction with the child.- found in mothers who are depressed and in people under stress- neglected child: children lack attachment, low achievement, low social skills, precocious sex, delinquency, alcoholism.2. Discipline/Punishmenta.What is the definition of punishment or discipline?1) negative consequence when a child misbehaves, not necessarily physical or severe. b. List and explain 4 general recommendations for using punishment effectively.1) when possible, negative consequences should be immediate and consistent2) rules and consequences for breaking rules should be clear3) never threaten the child if they cannot follow through4) avoid all physical punishmentc.Explain each of the reasons given for avoiding all physical punishment?1) current recommendation of National Academy of Pediatrics2) child gets aroused which means they are less likely to learn their lesson3) serves as an aggressive model4) there is a danger of physical punishment escalating into abused. Regarding the use of punishment during infancy (first 12-18 months), we discussed 4 is-sues that applied. Explain each of these.1) Punishment is rarely appropriate before 6 months2) When the infant is old enough to get into things, use a firm “NO!” and redirect theirattention to something positive3) “Habit train” to engage in good behaviors. Make it easy for them to behave well and reinforce kids for their good behavior. Should start young.4) At around 9 months, they’ll start testing their limits, one should remove the infant from the situation entirely.e.Explain “time out.”1) From what are they being “timed out?”i. their previous activity before doing anything wrong2) Describe the rules for using time out effectively. We discussed roughly 5 or 6 rules.i. starts at around 1.5 - 2 years and can be used up until the child is 7-8 years old depending on the childii. punish child with boredomiii. chair in hallway, no stimulation, parent watches them throughout timeout iv. start with 1 minute per year of age (5 yrs old = 5 minutes)v. child must sit quietlyvi. NO talking or explaining during their timeoutvii. sending the child to room generally not effective because their room is usu-ally not boring and the child will eventually associate the bedroom with punishment3) What is the proper timing for administering time out—that is, what comes first, sec-ond, etc.?i. State the offense (what the child did wrong) ex. You hit the dog, go to time-out! Important because it helps the child recognize what they did wrong and why they’re being punishedii. Have them serve their timeoutiii. Rationale: ex. It’s wrong to hurt an animal. Make rationale appropriate to child’s age.iv. Be calm - neither angry or affectionate4) For what ages (the youngest and oldest) is time out likely to be effective?i. 1.5-2 years old is when it starts, can be effective until 7-8 years old5) What are some strategies you can use if the child won’t serve his or her time out sentence?i. Increase timeout time, but set their time limit. Ex. Young: 12 minutes, old: 25 minutesii. Remove privilege when the child gets upiii. Hold the child from behind.6) Explain why it is difficult to use time out in classrooms.??i. there are too many children per teacher and teacher lacks control over all childrenii. embarrasses the child and the child ends up not learning their lessonf. When children are older, what is likely to be a more effective way to punish bad behavior than time out, and why?1) remove different privileges (TV, dessert, cars)2) Proper timing for privilege removal: nature of privilege may require that the punish-ment be delayed such as being grounded on the weekend. Rationale needs to come before punishment. Can review after punishment has been given againg. How does the timing for privilege removal differ from the timing for time out, and why?1) rationale is done before and child/teen needs to wait for the punishment as where timeout occurs immediately.3. Marital conflict & divorcea. Marital conflict can potentially hurt children in 2 ways, one of which is more indirect and one of which is direct. Explain both.a. Stress for parents leads to poor parenting which in turn leads to child problemsb. Harms the child when they witness conflict between parentsc. Birth of child creates conflict in all relationships, especially weak relationships. Even good marriages need help at certain times.b. The birth of a child can create tension in a marital


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FSU DEP 3103 - Study Guide

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