Child Psychology Notes Dr Licht Aggression Albert Bandura Observational Learning Modeling behaviors Bobo doll study Amount and Type of Exposure kids get American kids spend approx 40 hours per week on media TV media videos computer games Internet Kids watch more when older but glued to screen for a couple of hrs by age 2 5 3 Prime time TV 90 contains some violence murders rape assaults Saturday Morning fluctuates 60 80 average 70 cartoons higher 90 15 illustrate negative consequences of violence Consequences of Media Positive effects some education shows Sesame Street improve academic skills Some shows Mr Rogers improve helping and sharing Positive effects most likely to be seen when parent or teacher comments on important content Negative effects viewing media a lot any content increases risk of Obesity low school achievement seizures hand injuries unhealthy eating habits High levels of violent content causes increases in child s aggression particularly if Violence seems real Aggressor not punished or punishment is delayed Aggressor is attractive in some way Viewer is young Viewer has aggressive tendencies to begin with but effects not limited to previously aggressive kids Increases almost everyone s tolerance for media and real life violence so people become less likely to report and try to stop real life violence Volumes of research show consistent findings across all kinds of studies Findings also hold for different media TV movie music video games Ways to decrease negative effects Government censorship Problem who does it Industry self regulation Problem Hasn t worked despite yrs of pressure Industry says media violence doesn t hurt kids Parents forbid certain shows makes kids want it more see it at friend s house Parents limit amount and negotiate content good idea for older kids when kids are very young can totally control V chip or other electronic device to control TV rules out some good shows movies such as Schindler s List Co viewing violent shows media to contrast reality vs fantasy Point out negative consequences of violence Express disapproval of aggression Somewhat effective but parents rarely do this In contrast co viewing and not showing clear disapproval it increases child s aggression Active attitude change interventions Children 9 10 yrs produced and educational video presumably to teach others about the bad consequences of imitating media aggression Video explained that media was not real and violence was bad Need more research but potentially helpful Family I Styles of parenting during childhood and adolesc A 2 separate dimensions emotionality E control C 1 E Responsiveness High warm loving responsive to desires of child child centered Low cold rejecting unresponsive parent centered 2 C how much control parents exert High set clear rules discipline when rules broken don t tolerate unacceptable or immature behav hold high standards monitor child s behav Low don t set clear rules lack of or inconsistent discipline allow child to express impulses B Parent styles based on combined dimensions Warm Resp Cold Unresp authoritative authoritarian Hi C Restrictive demanding Lo C Warm Resp permissive uninvolved C Child outcomes likely w each parent style 1 Authoritarian conflicted irritable anxious low self concept don t feel in control of life look to others for approval what to do vulnerable to stress Permissive impulsive aggressive non compliant low achiev impulsive aggress usually not severe delinquent Uninvolved lack of attach low achiev low social skills truancy precocious sex delinquency Authoritative energetic friendly high self concept high achiev high self control low anti social behav high attach D Exceptions to rules 1 For poor minorities in dangerous neighborhoods best adjustment with authoritarian style 2 Asian e g Chinese parents who are authoritarian tend to be viewed very positive have positive child outcomes Authoritarian has diff meaning in Asian culture which values family cultural standards over independence and internal standards Discipline punishment Neg consequence when child misbehaves Not necessarily physical or severe Which parents regularly use discipline authoritarian and authoritative B How to use it effectively 1 When possible negative consequences should be immediate consistent 2 Rules conseq for breaking rules should be clear 3 Never threaten if cannot follow through 4 Avoid all physical punishment a Current recommendation of National Academy of Pediatrics Reasons to avoid physical punishment Child gets aroused so less likely to learn lesson Medium arousal optimal performance bell curve image Physical punishment gets child too aroused so less likely to learn Provides aggressive model like bobo doll child more likely to be physically aggressive themselves Leads to greatest aggression in young kids and when parents use it inconsistently and or have negative relationship with kid Danger of escalating into abuse especially when the child is defiant and the parents usually administers physical punishment such as spanking Alternatives to physical punishment Infancy Punishment rarely appropriate before 6 months old b c by 6 7 months kids can crawl and get into things Recommended reprimand a firm NO and redirect attention Habit train to engage in good behaviors make it easy for them to behave well and reinforce kids for good behavior Start young When testing of limits begins 9 months Remove from situation entirely Toddlers and young children Beginning at 1 5 2 years Recommend time out from positive reinforcement Can be used till 7 8 years old depending on child and circumstances Punishing with boredom Chair in hallway no stimulation parent watches throughout TO Start with 1 minute per year of age Has to sit quietly No talking or explaining during TO Sending kid to room is not effective b c their room is usually not boring and it associates bedroom with punishment Proper timing for TO 1 State offence you it the dog go to time out Child needs to know what behavior is being punished 2 TO served 3 Rationale It s wrong to hurt animals make rationale appropriate to age Give rationale last b c punishment should be immediate 4 Be calm neither angry or affectionate If child won t sit still during TO increase time when they get up but set time limit ex young 12 mins older 25 mins Remove privilege when they get up Hold from behind not angrily or affectionately TO in the classroom Difficult to supervise Often too many distractions to be TO from positive
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