Friday June 15 Gender Sex Gender role feel Gender stereotypes Socially influenced psychological dimension of being male or female Genetic biologically influenced narrow dimension of being male or female o XX female XY male reproductive organs Set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think act Widely held beliefs about characteristics that are deemed appropriate for males and females Gender Identity Gender Typing Sense of being male or female Personality stereotypes Instrumental traits association of objects activities roles or traits with biological sex in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes of gender o Competence independence rationality assertiveness Expressive traits o Warmth caring sensitivity Physical Stereotypes Males sturdy tall groomed Women soft petite dainty graceful Occupation stereotypes Males truck driver plumber doctor Females hairstylist nurse flight attendant Early Childhood Age 2 and women are soft and round Age they label themselves as boys or girls 19mos 3yrs Early Childhood Notice children start to make subtle associations like men are rough and sharp External characteristics and activities determine gender One study showed that preschooler linked toys articles of clothing tools household items games occupations and colors with one sex or the other Rigid rules o Can t have long hair or wear a skirt and be a boy o Study from 2003 girls can t be rough or be a doctor Middle Childhood and Adolescence Shift external to internal o Stereotypes move to less obvious areas like personality achievement The rules become more flexible however they still respond harshly to boys being girly Personality Traits o Assign masculine adjectives tough rational cruel and feminine adjectives gentle affectionate and dependent to either male or female figure Achievement areas o Girls Reading spelling music o Boys Math science athletics Sex differences Males and Females are more alike than different Don t vary in general intelligence but do vary in specific abilities Where differences do occur o Mental abilities o Personality Traits Verbal abilities girls a little ahead of boys Mathematical abilities Girls early years later years boys Emotional sensitivity self report girls more than boys Aggression Boys more than girls Relational aggression ex mean girls and john tucker must die Embarrassing him by making him wear thongs they give him estrogen pills trick him to fall in love with Brittany snow Sex Hormones Estrogens Androgens o Chemical substances produced by cells in the body and have regulatory effect on the activities of certain organs Congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAH o Genetic defect produces unusually high amounts of androgens o Girls are born with enlarged clitoris or small penis surgery at birth and then take hormones to try to fix it o In one study 25 female infants with CAH had the corrective surgery and were raised as girls o Tended to engage in behaviors that are typically characterized as masculine and related to boys o Have higher activity rate like cars blocks and trucks athletics prefer boys as playmates and still identified themselves as girls though o Cases where biological sex and prenatal hormones match but sexual Influences on Gender development Sex hormones reassignment occurs David Reimer Social Influences o Social cognitive theory of gender Modeling and Reinforcement Examples boys need to be tough and women feminine Parental Influences Peer influences Cognitive Influences o Examples not wanting their boys to wear make up o Making other children feel like bad fro wearing certain things o Cognitive Developmental theory of Gender Active learners attempting to make sense of their environment Seek patterns and rules that inform them of what is acceptable for males and females Gender constancy Sex remains the same even though activities clothing and hair style might change 4 7 yrs Gender Schema Theory o Schema o Gender schema Cognitive structure guides behavior Cognitive structure about what males and females are supposed to do that guides behavior Monday June 18 Families CH 15 Functions of the Family Reproduction o Replace dying members Economic services o producing and distributing goods and services Social Order o Reducing conflict and maintaining order o Training the young to become competent participating members of o Giving purpose and commitment support Reproduction socialization and emotional support are still primarily functions Socialization society Emotional Support of the family Family Processes Social Systems Perspective o Complex set of interacting relationships influenced by larger social context Interactions in the family system o Direct influences on the child parent to child 5 yr old Danny and 3 yr old Meg Danny his mom had a redirecting reasoning authoritative teaching what the right thing to do is parenting style The next time at the store he will understand that he can t have everything maybe help pay again Meg Authoritarian parent will probably act the same way because she didn t understand why not to touch she just got yelled at and smacked Next time be sneakier about it o Indirect influences on the child Relationship between parents When the parents are hostile to each other they are more likely to punish the child be aggressive and less likely to praise them Child feels responsible low self esteem Parents and siblings Grandparents with parents o Social contexts influence on the child Formal organizations School work recreation centers child care centers religious institutions Family Lifestyles and Transitions Family Size Informal social networks Relatives friends neighbors o Sociocultural and historical changes o Reflect What are events in the past that have influenced the family The great depression war famine What do you predict will be some major changes in families by the end of the twenty first century More blended families o Move from large families to smaller families What are the reasons for the decline in family Divorce birth control more women having the choice to pursue a higher education and not be a stay at home mom economic reasons Marital instability o Effect on child development Popular advice to limit family size Lower IQ mothers tend to have larger families o Siblings 80 of US children still have at least one sibling Sibling jealousy and rivalry o One child families stereotyped are spoiled Higher SE self esteem and achievement motivation problem with conflict resolution o Never married single
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