Child Psychology Spring 2012 Study Guide 1 For each of the 4 parenting styles be able to thoroughly explain the following a Where does each style falls on the dimensions of emotionality control Authoritative High control Warm responsive Authoritarian High control Cold unresponsive Permissive Indulgent Low control Warm responsive Uninvolved Neglecting Low control Cold unresponsive b Describe in detail each of the 4 styles Authoritative If a child is complaining and acting very erratic out of control because they really want to go on a trip they might explain their concerns gather more information and want to supervise BUT before they discuss anything they will only talk to them when they are not acting like a brat anymore They will NOT tolerate unacceptable behavior Authoritarian If a child is crying and saying You ruined my life they may punish them for acting like a brat won t reinforce a child for acting in this way They will then respond I said no THAT S IT NO ARGUMENT OR TALKING ABOUT THE SITUATION Permissive Do not set rules or follow through at all they tolerate unacceptable behavior but still want to make the child happy I ll see what I can do They are likely to respond in a helpful positive way despite the inappropriate behavior and they will do what they can to help even if they can t due to financial issues etc Uninvolved neglecting does not really care about anything not affectionate at all they are not involved or show any concern and they do not follow through or set clear rules c Know which 2 styles are likely to use some form of punishment Authoritative authoritarian d Describe the most probable child outcome from each style Authoritative Energetic friendly high self concept high achievement high self control low anti social behavior high attachment Authoritarian Conflicted irritable anxious low self concept don t feel in control of life look to others for approval and what to do vulnerable to stress Permissive Impulsive aggressive non compliant low achievement impulsive aggress usually not severe delinquency Neglecting Uninvolved lack of attachments low achievement low social skills truancy precocious sex delinquency e Describe 2 notable exceptions to the rules described in d above 1 With poor minorities in dangerous neighborhoods the best adjustment is with AUTHORITARIAN 2 Asian e g Chinese parents who are authoritarian tend to be viewed very positive have positive child outcomes Authoritarian has different meaning in Asian culture which values family cultural standards over independence and internal standards 2 Discipline Punishment a What is the definition of punishment or discipline Negative consequences when a child misbehaves NOT necessarily physical or severe b List and explain 4 general recommendations for using punishment effectively 1 When possible negative consequences should be immediate and consistent 2 Rules consequences for breaking rules should be clear 3 Never threaten if you cannot follow through 4 Avoid all physical punishment a Current recommendation of National Academy of Pediatrics c Explain each of the reasons given for avoiding all physical punishment 1 Child gets aroused so they are less likely to learn their lesson 2 Provides aggressive model Leads to greatest aggression in kids when parents use it inconsistently and or have a cold negative relationship with the kid 3 Danger of it escalating into any kind of abuse d Regarding the use of punishment during infancy first 12 18 months we discussed 4 issues that applied Explain each of these 1 Punishment is rarely appropriate before 6 months old 2 When they are old enough to get into things use a firm NO and redirect their attention 3 Habit train to engage in good behaviors Make it easy for them to behave well reinforce kids for their good behavior START YOUNG 4 When they start to test limits 9 months Remove from situation entirely e Explain time out 1 From what are they being timed out Beginning at 1 5 2 years recommend time out from any positive reinforcement 2 Describe the rules for using time out effectively We discussed roughly 5 or 6 rules 1 Can be used till 7 8 years old depending of child 2 Punishing with boredom is effective 3 Chair in hallway no stimulation parent s watches throughout the timeout 4 Start with 1 minute per year of age 8 years old 8 minute T O 5 MUST sit quietly 6 NO talking or explaining during T O 7 Sending a kid to their room generally is NOT effective because it is not boring associate bedroom with punishment 3 What is the proper timing for administering time out that is what comes first second etc 1 State offence ex you hit the dog go to timeout 2 Time out served 3 Rationale ex it is WRONG to hurt animals Make the rationale appropriate to age Give rationale LAST 4 Be calm neither angry nor affectionate 4 For what ages the youngest and oldest is time out likely to be effective Beginning at 1 2 2 years and can be used up until 7 8 years old 5 What are some strategies you can use if the child won t serve his or her time out sentence 1 Increase the time if they get up but set time limits Example young 12 minutes older 25 minutes 2 Remove privilege when and if they get up 3 Hold from behind Time out needs to be consistent and immediate 6 Explain why it is difficult to use time out in classrooms f When children are older what is likely to be a more effective way to punish bad behavior than time out and why 5 years old teens Use REMOVAL OF PRIVILEGE TV dessert car internet Why This is not immediate punishment is delayed you have to move the rationale forward g How does the timing for privilege removal differ from the timing for time out and why Proper timing for privilege may require that punishment is delayed ex grounded on the weekend so rationale may need to come before the punishment and you can also review it again after the punishment is given 3 Marital conflict divorce a Marital conflict can potentially hurt children in 2 ways one of which is more indirect and one of which is direct Explain both 1 Stress for parents poor parenting which in turn leads to child problems indirect 2 Harms child when they witness the actual conflict direct b The birth of a child can create tension in a marital relationship for both parents On average who is likely to feel more marital dissatisfaction mother or father and why WOMEN c What percent of first marriages end in divorce and what percent of remarriages end in divorce Almost 50 of 1st marriages end in divorce 60 of remarriages
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