Study Guide for Exam 1 NOTE Exams may contain material not included on this guide Material on guide is not guaranteed to be on exams Use this information as a GUIDE for your studying but do not treat it as a map that will show you everything This information comes from the textbook AND the lectures Chapter 1 History Theory and Applied Directions Know the distinctions between the three grand theories of development Psychoanalytic perspective Freud psychosexual theory Erikson psychosocial theory Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory John Watson inspired by Pavlov classical and operant conditioning Albert Bandura social learning theory emphasized modeling otherwise known as imitation or observational learning as a powerful source of development Cognitive Developmental Theory Jean Piaget stages adaptation What psychologists were famous for founding and or revolutionizing their respective fields within these types of psychology Above How were Freud and Erickson similar and dissimilar as psychoanalytic psychologists Specifically how did their stages of development compare Freud s theory was a psychosexual theory which emphasizes that how parents manage their child s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development Freud s psychosexual stages were Oral anal phallic latency and genital Also conflicts between id ego and superego Erickson s theory was a psychosocial theory which emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active contributing member of society Erickson emphasized culture diversity social change and psychological crises family and culture not sexual urges Showed that child rearing is responsive to the competencies valued and needed by the child s society What are the distinctions between classical and operant conditioning Classical conditioning a person or animal is conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus Operant conditioning reinforcing or punishing VOLUNTARY behaviors uses positive and negative reinforcement positive punishment and negative punishment Be able to recognize examples of positive reinforcement positive punishment negative reinforcement and negative punishment Positive reinforcement example 1 Sheldon using chocolate as a reward with Penny in The Big Bang Theory clip 2 After you execute a turn during a skiing lesson your instructor shouts out Great job Definition the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future When a favorable outcome event or reward occurs after an action that particular response or behavior will be strengthened Negative reinforcement example 1 Before heading out for a day at the beach you slather on sunscreen in order to avoid getting sunburned sunburn is the negative reinforcer 2 You decide to clean up your mess in the kitchen in order to avoid getting in a fight with your roommate a fight with your roommate is the negative reinforcer Definition Taking away something that you don t want to do in order to reinforce a good behavior A response or behavior is strengthened by stopping removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus Aversive stimuli tend to involve some type of discomfort either physical or psychological Behaviors are negatively reinforced when they allow you to escape from aversive stimuli that are already present or allow you to completely avoid the aversive stimuli before they happen Positive punishment example 1 You wear your favorite baseball cap to class but are reprimanded by your instructor for violating your school s dress code 2 Your cell phone rings in the middle of a class lecture and you are scolded by your teacher for not turning your phone off prior to class Definition Presenting an unfavorable outcome or event following an undesirable behavior An aversive stimulus is added to the situation Negative punishment example 1 After getting in a fight with his sister over who gets to play with a new toy the mother simply takes the toy away 2 A teenage girl stays out past her curfew so her parents ground her for a week Definition taking something good or desirable away in order to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior Punishment by removal What did Harry Harlow find was important in relation to what baby rhesus monkeys need when given the opportunity to spend time with a cloth surrogate mother or a wire surrogate mother that does or does not provide them with food pg 428 in textbook Baby monkeys reared with surrogate mothers preferred to cling to a soft terry cloth mother over a wire mesh mother holding a bottle evidence that parent infant attachment is based on more than satisfaction of hunger In the 1950s a famous experiment showed that rhesus monkeys reared with terry cloth and wire mesh surrogate mothers clung to the soft terry cloth substitute even though the wire mesh mother held the bottle and infants had to climb on it to be fed How does modeling work according to social learning theory Modeling a person observes the actions of others and then copies them Also known as imitation or observational learning The baby who claps her hands after her mother does so the child who angrily hits a playmate in the same way that he has been punished at home and the teenager who wears the same clothes and hairstyle as her friends at school are all displaying observational learning modeling In his early work Bandura found that diverse factors influence children s motivation to imitate their own history of reinforcement or punishment for the behavior the promise of future reinforcement or punishment and even vicarious reinforcement or punishment observing the model being reinforced or punished What can we learn about social learning from Albert Bandura s study with the bobo doll toy Results of the bobo doll experiment Children exposed to the violent model tended to imitate the exact behavior they had observed when the adult was no longer present Bandura and his colleagues had also predicted that children in the non aggressive group would behave less aggressively than those in the control group The results indicated that while children of both genders in the non aggressive group did exhibit less aggression than the control group boys who had observed an opposite sex model behavior non aggressively
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