Child Psychology Unit 4 Learning Objectives DEP 3103 Fall 2013 Chapter 10 10 1 Describe the functionalist approach to emotion What are emotions How do emotions affect cognitive processing social behavior and health Provide examples Emotion rapid appraisal of personal significance of a situation which prepares you for action Feeling triggered because important to individual Emotion affects cognitive processing lead to learning essential for survival can impair learning if you have high anxiety and can impact memory Social behavior affects behavior of others regulate own behavior Health influence well being growth stress related to diseases Functionalist approach to emotion emphasizes that the broad function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals Parental depression and child development o Infants of depressed mothers sleep poorly are less attentive to their surroundings and have elevated levels of cortisol Paternal depression is strong predictor of behavior problems Children subjected to parent negativity develop pessimistic worldview 10 2 Discuss changes in emotion from infancy into adolescence What are the basic emotions that are universal in humans What are self conscious emotions What is emotional self regulation and how does it change over the course of development What are emotional display rules Basic emotions happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust are universal in humans and other primates and have long evolutionary history of promoting survival o Earliest emotional life consists mainly of two global arousal states attraction to pleasant stimulation withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation Middle of first year become well organized o Self conscious emotions humans are capable of a second higher order set of feelings including guilt shame embarrassment envy and pride Each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self Emerges middle of second year and they need adult instruction about when to feel them Emotional self regulation strategies we use to adjust the intensity or duration of our emotional reactions to a comfortable level so we can accomplish our goals Development of self regulation o Infancy develops over 1st year with brain development Caregivers important o Early childhood learn strategies for self regulation personality affects ability fears common o Middle childhood adolescence rapid gains fears shaped by culture coping skills lead to emotional self efficacy do about it Problem centered coping changeable situations identify the difficulty decide what to Emotion centered coping used if problem centered coping does not work Unchangeable situation Internal private control of distress Emotional display rules specifies when where and how it is appropriate to express emotions o Preschoolers have some ability Parents encourage suppressing negative emotions Boys encouraged to suppress more and girls are encouraged to display more Cultural teaching collectivist vs individualistic 10 3 Discuss changes in emotional understanding from infancy into adolescence What is social referencing Compare and contrast empathy and sympathy Social referencing relying on another person s emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation Caregivers can use to teach children how to react Empathy feeling same or similar emotions as another person Newborns sense other babies distress Requires self awareness increases over school years adolescence can empathize with general life conditions o Temperament social warm good at emotional regulation lead to high empathy o Parenting warm sensitive empathic parents lead to high empathy Sympathy feeling of concern or sorrow for another s plight Prosocial altruistic behavior actions that benefit another person without any expected rewards for the self 10 4 Describe the development of temperament How is temperament structured How is it measured How do genetic and environmental factors influence the development of temperament Temperament early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity self regulation o Reactivity quickness intensity of emotional arousal attention and motor action o Self regulation strategies that modify reactivity o Temperament is the cornerstone of personality Structure of temperament o Easy children 40 quickly establishes regular routines in infancy is generally cheerful and adapts easily to new experiences o Difficult children 10 have irregular daily routines are slow to accept new experiences and tend to react negatively and intensely o Slow to warm up children 15 is inactive shows mild low key reactions to environmental stimuli is negative in mood and adjusts slowly to new experiences Measuring temperament o Often assessed through interviews or questionnaires given to parents o Inhibited shy children react negatively withdraw from new stimuli High heart rates stress hormones stress symptoms o Uninhibited sociable children react positively approach new stimuli Low heart rates stress hormones and stress symptoms Genetic environmental factors o Genetic influences responsible for about half of individual differences Genetic influences vary with the temperamental trait and the age of the individual being studied o Environmental influences cultural variations non shared environment those that make siblings different from one another play an important role in intelligence Persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation profoundly alters temperament resulting in maladaptive emotional reactivity 10 5 Discuss the development of attachment What is the basic definition of Bowlby s ethological theory of attachment What are the 4 stages of attachment What methods are used to measure security of attachment What other factors affect security of attachment How does attachment affect later development Attachment strong affectionate tie with special people in our lives which leads to pleasure and joy when we interact with them and comfort by their nearness during stress Bowlby s ethological theory of attachment recognizes the infant s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival is the most widely accepted view Four stages of attachment o Pre attachment built in signals grasping smiling crying and gazing into the adults eyes help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans o Attachment in the making infants responds differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger o Clear cut attachment now attachment to the familiar caregiver is
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