Study Guide Ch 5 8 Outline of Ch 9 for Exam 2 Chapter 5 Physical Growth Know the main factors that affect physical growth 1 Heredity Heredity is known to effect physical growth due to twin studies Genes influence growth by controlled the body s production of an sensitivity to hormones mutations can lead to deviations in physical growth 2 Nutrition The FOCUS of the main factors i ii Crucial during the first two years of development Breastfeeding versus Bottle feeding Breastfeeding provides the correct balance of fat and protein ensures nutritional completeness helps ensure healthy physical growth protects against may diseases protects against faulty jaw development and tooth decay ensures digestibility And smooth s the transition to new foods Breastfeed and bottle feed babies do not differ in emotional adjustment Mothers show equal attachment to their babies Some research suggest that breast feed babies are slightly more intelligent Nutrition in Childhood and Adulthood At one year diet should include all the basic food groups Appetite is unpredictable at 2 years old it usually slows which is due to growth slowing Bribes don t work for getting children to eat healthy foods Social environment influences food choices children tend to imitate the food choices and eating practices of adults and peers they admire and are most likely to accept a new food after repeated unpressured exposure to it Puberty when eating habits are poorest leads to a dramatic rise in food intake iii Malnutrition Marasmus is a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients It appears usually in the first year of life when a baby s mother is too malnourished to produce breast milk and bottle feeding is inadequate o Effects learning and behavior Malnutrition probably interfered with growth of neural fibers and myelination causing a permanent loss in brain weight Kwashiorkor is caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein The disease usually strikes after weaning between 1 and 3 years of age Children get calories from starchy foods but not proteins In developed countries many children suffer from food insecurity iv Obesity Adult BMI of 30 Child BMI 95th percentile 17 of American children are obese 25 overweight Increases health risks such as diabetes blood pressure cholesterol respiratory problems sleep digestive disorders Causes Overweight parents family eating habits consumption of larger quantities insufficient sleep low physical activity the broader food environment cultural dietary conditions 3 Infectious Disease i ID and Malnutrition Poor diet suppresses immunity 1 Poverty stricken countries don t have as much access to immunization results in disease such as measles and chicken pox happen earlier in age before 3 Disease hinders physical growth and cognitive development Immunization 4 Emotional Well being ii Growth faltering is a term applied to infants whose weight height and head circumference are substantially below age related growth norms and who are withdrawn and apathetic usually caused by bad relationship with parents o Mothers are cold and distant during nurturing times such as diaper changes and feeding Thus babies protect by avoiding the gaze of the mother o May be caused by an unhappy marriage o Baby is usually irritable and has abnormal feedings Extreme emotional deprivation can decrease the production of GH resulting in psychosocial dwarfism a growth disorder that appears between 2 15 years of age Characteristics include decreased GH secretion short stature immature skeletal age and serious adjustment problems What gender differences and similarities exist in relation to physical growth Girls physical growth generally happens one to two years before boys Height breast budding breast development pubic hair growth peak weight spurt and adult stature Understand the basics of brain neuron growth as well as related terms ex the different lobes lateralization pruning etc Programmed cell death is an aspect in brain growth in which makes space for these connective structures As synapses form many surrounding neurons die 20 80 depending on the brain region neurons that are not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development 40 of synapses are pruned during childhood adolescence neurons that aren t stimulated often go through pruning which returns Synaptic pruning The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are the frontal lobes Essentially the right an left brains have different function which is most Lateralization likely a result of evolution due to allowing humans to cope more successfully with changing environmental demands Brain plasticity declines with age Cerebellum aids in balance and control of body movement Connections between the cerebellum and cortex grow rapidly from birth through pre k consciousness Childhood to adolescence way rapid synapse formation in the 2nd half of the 1st year when recall memory and plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our is located in the brain stem and it maintains alertness and Reticular formation Hippocampus 2 Amygdala is important in regulating emotions Synapses form connections with frontal independent movement emerge and continues to develop over pre k and elementary years cortex throughout childhood and adolescence Production increases at one year peaks between 3 and 6 and continues at a slower pace through middle school and adolescence arge bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres Corpus callosum l What is the difference between experience expectant and experience dependent brain growth Experience expectant brain growth organization which depends on ordinary experiences opportunities to interact with people hear language and other sounds see and touch objects and move about and explore the environment refers to the young brain s rapidly developing o The brains of young children expect to undergo this experiences o Occurs early and naturally o Provides the foundation fro experience dependent brain growth Experience dependent brain growth growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures occurs throughout our lives It consists of additional o Examples reading and writing Know the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics Primary sexual characteristics Secondary sexual characteristics breast
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