Study Guide Ch 5 9 for Exam 2 Chapter 5 Physical Growth Know the main factors that affect physical growth What gender differences and similarities exist in relation to physical growth o Heredity o Nutrition o Infectious Disease o Emotional well being o Differences Females Estrogens Greater fine motor skills leveling off by age 14 Males Androgens Greater muscle mass Greater physical size During adolescence gains in gross motor performance are slow and gradual More advanced in abilities that emphasize force and power Dramatic spurt in gross motor performance during adolescence and continues through the teenage years o Similarities Physical activity declines during adolescence Understand the basics of brain neuron growth as well as related terms ex the different lobes lateralization pruning etc o Neurons o Synapses Store and transmit information Tiny gaps between neurons where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch o Neurotransmitters o Programmed cell death o Synaptic pruning Chemicals that neurons send messages to one another by releasing Makes space for these connective structures As synapses form many surrounding neurons dies 20 to 80 percent depending on the brain region Returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development o Glial cells o Myelination Are responsible for myelination massage transfer o Cerebral Cortex number of neurons and synapses o Prefrontal cortex The coating of neural fibers with an insulting fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of Surrounds the rest of the brain resembling half of a shelled walnut It is the largest brain structure accounting for 85 percent of the brain s weight and containing the greatest Lying in front of areas controlling body movement is responsible for thought in particular consciousness attention inhibition of impulses integration of information and use of memory reasoning planning and problem solving strategies o Lateralization o Brain plasticity Specialization of the two hemispheres The capacity of various parts of the cerebral cortex to take over functions of damaged regions Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize Structure that aids in balance and control of body movement A structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness Inner brain structure that plays a vital role in memory and images of space that help us o Cerebellum o Reticular formation o Hippocampus find our way o Amygdala o Corpus callosum Inner brain structure that plays a central role in processing emotional information Is a large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres What is the difference between experience expectant and experience dependent brain growth o Experience expectant Refers to the young brain s rapidly developing organization which depends on ordinary experiences opportunities to interact with people hear language and other sounds see and touch objects and mover about and explore the environment o Experience dependent Occurs throughout our lives It consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structure as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures In the Factors Affecting Physical Growth section focus on nutrition over infectious disease and emotional well being o Infectious disease Poor diet depresses the body s immune system making children far more susceptible to disease Disease is a major contributor to malnutrition Childhood diseases have declined dramatically largely as a result of widespread immunization of infants and young children o Emotional Well Being Growth faltering Infants whose weight height and head circumference are substantially below age related growth norms and who are withdrawn and apathetic In as many as half such cases a disturbed parent infant relationship contributes to the failure to grow normally Psychosocial dwarfism production of GH Results from extreme emotional deprivation which can interfere with the A growth disorder that appears between 2 and 15 years of age Typical characteristics include decreased GH secretion very short stature immature skeletal age and serious adjustment problems Know the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics o Primary sexual characteristics physical features that involve the reproductive organs directly Females ovaries uterus and vagina Males penis scrotum and testes o Secondary sexual characteristics features visible on the outside of the body not involving reproductive organs that serve as additional signs of sexual maturity Females breasts underarm and pubic hair Males voice change facial hair underarm and pubic hair Know the effects of early vs late puberty How is the adolescent brain different than an adult brain o Adolescent brain Uneven brain growth As in the rest of the teenager s body brain growth is uneven The immature prefrontal cortex may allow troublesome adolescent behavior Adolescents are capable of rational thinking o Adult brain Can distinguish face emotions better Know the main differences between anorexia and bulimia nervosa o Anorexia Nervosa Starve out of fear of getting fat Severely underweight Affects 1 of teen girls Common to all SES groups Cultural family influences o Bulimia Nervosa Strict diet and exercise binge and purge Affects 2 4 of teen girls Feel depressed and guilty about eating habits and want help Easier to treat Understand the main points from my additional slides on autism o Cause of Autism Vaccines Studies have found NO connection between the two o No known cause no known cure Psychodynamic therapies Biomedical treatments Applied behavioral analysis o Applied Behavior Analysis ABA ABA has shown the most empirical evidence in the treatment of autism Operant conditioning related treatment for autism Positive reinforcement o Reinforcement for appropriate behavior Don t need to know much about sexuality and pregnancy in adolescence except what was covered in class o Sexuality North American attitudes relatively restrictive Media often contradict family messages Opinions have changed over past 40 years o Most say premarital sex OK for committed partners Activity matches attitudes Rates declining since 1990s Fewer partners o Pregnancy 20 of Americans don t use contraceptives Pregnancy rates in the United States is the highest out of eight industrialized nations Chapter 6 Cognitive Development Piaget Core Knowledge and Vygostsky Know
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