CHPT 10 Emotion was overshadowed by Didn t start being studied until Why studying emotion is important Functionalist approach to emotion EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Overshadowed by cognition One of the studies that helped to establish the critical importance of emotional development and attachment was not on humans but on another primate rhesus monkeys Emotion is increasingly important in conceptualizations of development Even infants show different emotional styles display varying temperaments and begin to form emotional bonds with their caregivers Emphasizes that the broad function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals 1 Emotions arise from ongoing exchanges between the person and the environment 2 In this view emotions are central in all our endeavors cognitive processing social behavior and physical health Energize behavior Prepare for action Central to personal goals How why we attain them Lead to learning essential for survival Can impair learning How emotion affects cognition Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival No Don t touch the fire or electrical outlet or stove etc OR get too close to the edge where can hurt self Don t have to experience to avoid danger The emotion cognition relationship is evident in the impact of anxiety on performance test talent show show tell emotions also powerfully affect memory fear of doctor after shot Children s emotional signals powerfully affect the behavior of others whose emotional reactions in turn regulate children s social behavior With age infants begin to initiate as well as respond to emotional expressions by the end of the first year babies become increasingly skilled at joint attention Two childhood growth disorders resulting from emotional deprivation are nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism Persistent psychological stress is associated with a variety of health difficulties from infancy to adulthood following the caregiver s line of regard rapid appraisal of personal significance of situations Feeling Triggered because important to individual feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an Emotion health relationship Influence well being growth Stress related to diseases 2 growth disorders from emotional deprivation Joint attention Emotion Emotion social relationship Affect behavior of others Regulate own behavior How different emotions affect of behavior in situations examples Laughter as a social activity First appearance of basic emotions Most reliable cue of an infant s emotions Basic emotions First appearance of basic emotions happiness Social smile Basic emotions fear Stranger anxiety interaction that is important to him or her especially to his or her well being Happiness leads us to approach a situation sadness to passively withdraw fear to actively move away and anger to overcome obstacles Infants laugh more when they are reinforced At first emotional expression is pretty limited Babies earliest emotional life consists mainly of two global arousal states attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation By the middle of the first year emotional expressions are well organized and specific and they tell us a great deal about the infant s internal state Facial expressions cross cultural interpret same emotion universally understood emotions happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust are universal in humans and other primates have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival and can be directly inferred from facial expressions emerge early in life no introspection or self reflection is required A characteristic of basic emotions is that they can be directly inferred from facial expressions Smile from birth Social smile 6 to 10 weeks Laugh 3 to 4 months laughter appears reflecting faster processing of information and occurring at first in response to very active stimuli Like adults 10 to 12 month olds have several smiles which vary with context At the end of the first year the smile becomes a deliberate social signal broad grin evoked by the stimulus of a human face Fear rises during the second half of the first year for example older infants hesitate before playing with a new toy and newly crawling infants show fear of heights The most frequent expression of fear is stranger anxiety The rise in fear after age 6 months keeps newly mobile babies enthusiasm for exploration in check Wariness in response to unfamiliar adults Stranger anxiety is not universal it depends on temperament past experiences with strangers and the current situation In cultures that practice a collective care giving system infants show little stranger anxiety A toddler s level of stranger anxiety is most likely affected by past experiences with strangers Self conscious emotions involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures Emotional self regulation Include shame embarrassment guilt envy and pride Emerge end of second year when introspection self reflection develops Need adult instruction about when to feel them Adult feedback is strongly related to self evaluation Self conscious emotions are a second higher order set of feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self In Western individualistic cultures most children are taught to feel pride over personal achievement In collectivist cultures such as China and Japan calling attention to purely personal success evokes embarrassment and self effacement and violating cultural standards by failing to show concern for others sparks intense shame If parent comments worth performance intense self conscious emotions If parents focus on how to improve performance more adaptive levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level to accomplish our goals Requires voluntary effortful management of emotions Improves gradually as a result of brain development assistance of caregivers Well developed emotional self regulation leads to Emotional self efficacy emotional self efficacy in young people the feeling of being in control of their emotional experience Favorable self image Optimistic outlook Understanding and responding to others emotions begins how do they learn this Begins early By 3 4mons have expectations for caregiver responses for emotional exchanges Interacting and learning from others is one way to
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