Test 2 Study Guide CH 4 6 CH 4 1 Development and Reflexes a Start Immobile with reflexes End Coordinated movement across multiple senses b We now view infants as actively interacting with their world c Reflexes Inborn autonomic response to a particular stimuli Reveal s the health of a baby s nervous system 1 Decreased reflexes problems with PNS 2 Exaggerated reflexes problems with CNS Form basis for motor skills They are adaptive for survival many were useful before we evolved Newborn reflexes disappear when frontal lobe develops d e Infants discover by acting on their environment new experiences allow for new affordances The action possibilities that a situation offers based on one s motor abilities Infants that experienced early deprivation are below average in physical and psychological development They also experienced emotional and behavioral problems It leads to lasting cognitive deficits f Overwhelming infants with unrealistic expectations also undermines development 2 Newborn States a 5 States of Arousal Regular Sleep NREM 8 9 hours Irregular Sleep REM 8 9 hours Quiet Alertness 2 3 hours i ii iii iv Waking Activity and Crying 1 4 hours v Drowsiness Varies b Sleep c Crying Sleep needs decline from 18 hours to 12 hours by age 2 Circadian rhythm begins to develop Newborn s spend more time in REM sleep than they ever will again Patterns are affected by brain development they have implications on cognitive process and disturbed cycle can be a sign of CNS abnormalities First way of communicating Causes extreme discomfort in adults i ii iii iv v i ii iii iv i ii Young infants cry most frequently because of hunger iii iv More responsiveness from parents leads to less crying time v Non western babies cry less possibly because they are carried more 3 Learning and Memory a Operant Conditioning Responses are limited to head turning and sucking at first Reinforcers include food patterns music and voices Newborn s will suck faster to receive the stimulus they want b Retention increases dramatically from 2 to 18 months c Habituation Gradual reduction in response to a stimuli Recovery Increased response to a nw stimuli Infants prefer novel displays but gradually shift to prefering familiar displays 4 Motor Development a Gross Motor Development Crawling Standing Walking b Fine Motor Development Prereaching Reaching Ulnar Grasp Pincer Grasp Ulnar Grasp Adjusts to grip objects moves objects from hand to hand Develops around 3 4 months Pincer Grasp Develops around 9 months c Dynamic systems theory of motor development Children acquire new motor skills by combining existing skills into increasingly complex system of actions Four factors CNS development Body s movement capacity Child s goal Enviormental support d New possibilities appear as systems develop 5 Senses a Touch i ii iii i ii i i ii iii i ii iii iv i Well developed at birth ii Enhances interactions between parents and baby important for emotional development and reinforcers neuronal development b Taste and Smell i Newborn s have preferences from birth 1 Prefer sweet tastes 2 Around 4 months a preference for salt develops 3 Affected by mother s diet c Hearing ii iii i ii Learn to like new tastes quickly Can locate odors and identify odors by smell Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth and can learn sound patterns in days Preferences Complex sounds to pure 1 2 Women s voices over men s because of higher pitch 3 Mom s voice over other women s 4 Dad s voice other men s 5 Heartbeat over dad s voice a Possibly because of prenatal influence iii Prepared to learn language and sensitive to voices d Vision i ii 6 Perception a Speech Perception Least developed at birth Unable to see long distances or focus Can detect sounds from any human language i ii Multisensory communication helps babies associate words with objects By second half of first year they can detect word order which helps with iii grammar b Pattern Perception 3 weeks Poor contrast prefers simple patterns 2 months Can detect details in complex pattern scans internal features of the pattern 4 months Can detect a pattern even if the boundaries are not present 12 months Can detect object even if s of it are missing c Face Perception Prefer to look at simple face like stimuli that are arranged naturally Prefer mother s face over other women Prefer to look at attractive and smiling faces i ii iii iv i ii iii d Depth Perception i 3 types of cues 1 Kinetic motion parallax birth to 1 month 2 Binocular binocular disparity 2 3 months 3 Pictorial linear perspective 5 7 months ii The Visual Cliff More crawling experience less likely to crawl off cliff e Intermodal Perception i ii iii i ii i ii iii i ii i ii iii iv i ii iii iv Birth Detect amodal sensory properties 3 4 months Prefer matching sights and sounds 5 6 months Reaching for object in dark coordinating sight and touch f Amodal Sensory Perception Rate rhythm duration intensity texture and shape Provides basic for detecting intermodal relationships g Differentiation Theory Infants search for invariant features of the environment Infants note stable relationships between features Patterns and intermodal relationships Gradually can detect finer and finer features differentiation CH 5 1 Physical Growth a We grow for 20 of our life because it gives us enough time to acquire knowledge and gather necessary skills for life It is a necessary cost for a highly complex system Boys have growth spurt later and tend to have more muscle and less fat than girls Secular trends most children are taller and heavier than their ancestors and reach puberty earlier b Factors that Affect Physical Growth c Hormonal Influence on Physical Growth Heredity Nutrition Infectious disease Emotional well being Extreme emotional deprivation affects GH production Endocrine system Pituitary gland and hypothalamus Growth Hormone TSH promotes thyroid to release thyroxine which affects brain development and body size Sex Hormones 1 Estrogen more in girls 2 Androgens more in boys testosterone 2 Gross Motor Skills a 2 3 years Walks rhythmically rigid upper body pushes toy b 3 4 years Walks up stairs flexes upper body pedals and steers c 4 5 years Walks down stairs runs smoothly skips throws ball d 5 6 years Increased running speed rides bicycle with training wheels whole body throwing e 7 12 years Increases running speed increases vertical jump increases throwing and kicking speed accuracy and distance f Gender differences i Physical 1 Small differences in childhood 2
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