Unit Two Chapter 3 3 1 What are the genetic foundations of development What is the difference between genotype and phenotype Phenotype Directly observable traits that depend on environmental influences and genotype Genotype genetic information of an individual What are alleles Forms of the same gene on a pair of chromosomes What are chromosomes A structure within the cell that bears the genetic material as a threadlike linear strand of DNA bonded to various proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells What are genes and how are they transmitted from one generation to the next through mitosis and meiosis Genes are segments of DNA which code for a specific mRNA which makes a protein and can affect the organism Mitosis DNA is duplicated and tranfered to daughter cell Daughter cell has same genetic make up genes as mother cell Meiosis Daughter cells receive half the genetic material from the mother cell 2 divisions leads to gamete formation When gametes fuse diploid is restored 3 2 How is sex determined Sex is determined by the sex chromosomes 23rd pair XX female XY male Specifically an organisms sex is determined by the presence of an X or Y chromosome in the sperm cell 3 3 Name the two types of twins and describe how each one is created Fraternal dizygotic two zygotes or fertilized ova Identical monozygotic One zygote divides into two individuals 3 4 Describe patterns of genetic inheritance What are examples of each type Dominant Recessive Inheritance Example PKU X linked Inheritance Polygenic Inheritance Characteristics that are inherited on a continuum and are determined by many genes What are some implications of various types of genetic inheritance What are chromosomal abnormalities Any change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes often results in physical or mental abnormalities What are examples of chromosomal abnormalities You only need to know the ones covered in class Down syndrome results from trisomy of chromosome 21 Mental retardation memory speech probs slow motor development 3 5 What are genetic counseling and prenatal diagnostic methods Genetic Counseling Genetic counseling provides information and support to people who have or may be at risk for genetic disorders A genetic counselor meets with you to discuss genetic risks The counseling may be for yourself or a family member Or you may get it when you are planning or expecting a baby Prenatal Diagnostic Methods Amniocentesis Ultrasound Maternal Blood Analysis Who might be the best candidates for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnostic methods Those wove had difficulty bearing children Women who delay childbearing past age 35 Those with a family history of inherited disorders or diseases How do they help prospective parents determine the best course of action they allow the prospective parents to know if and what type of special needs their offspring will have 3 6 Describe conception and the three periods of prenatal development What are the milestones reached in each period PERIOD Zygote LENGTH 2 weeks KEY EVENTS Fertilization Mitosis Implantation Start of placenta Arms legs face organs muscles all develop Heart begins beating Growth and finishing Embryo 6 weeks Fetus 30 weeks During which prenatal period does the most rapid change take place Embryo 3 7 What are teratogens Teratogen any harmful agent towards the development of the baby alcohol drug etc What factors impact how teratogens impact prenatal development Zygote usually not susceptible to teratogens but if so leads to PRENATAL DEATH Embryonic most sensitive time when all body systems are forming This is when teratogens have the biggest impact MAJOR STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES Fetal less likely that damage will occur but still can occur PHYSIOLOGICAL DEFECTS MINOR STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES What are examples of known teratogens Drugs prescription drug anything that gets into bloodstream will effect baby Ex Acutane during pregnancy can effect development of many systems of developing baby Caffeine 100mg day associated with low birth rates and miscarriages Tobacco the more use the more likely the child will be effected low birth weight cleft lip premature ex cocaine addictive babies physical defects death of baby genes can be mutated thru exposure to ionized radiation ex women near Hiroshima and Nagasaki had babys with defects illegal drug Radiation Pollution in industrial countries cities there are many pollutants that humans are exposed to ex in 10 kids found 249 pollutants in blood stream effects on baby ranges in severity Maternal Disease Why is it difficult to determine how environmental agents impact prenatal development 3 8 What other maternal factors impact development and how do they impact development Negative Impact on Development Malnutrition 35 yoa use of drugs alcohol Positive Impacts Exercise Nutrition prenatal vitamins Stress Moderate amounts of aerobic exercise with low body impact can increase child birth weight important to have adequate nutrition if not can lead to developmental issues minimal amount of stress is best minimal amount of cortisol 3 9 Name and describe the three stages of childbirth Stage 1 Dilation and effacement of the cervix 12 14 hrs for 1st child then 4 6 hrs for the rest Transitions contractions are at peak Stage 2 50mins 1st baby 20 mins after Pushing Birth of baby Stage 3 Delivering placenta 3 10 Describe the purpose and features of the Apgar scale Appearance Pulse Grimace muscle tone Activity Respiration Completed at 60sec and again at 5 mins Each section you can get a score of 0 2 3 11 Describe natural childbirth and home delivery techniques Classes education on what to expect both for good and bad Score of 1 3 need emergency care 4 7 may need some help 7 10 normal Relaxation Breathing Techniques Labor Coach Social support What are the risks of using pain relieving drugs during labor and delivery Analgesics Anesthetics Epidural analgesia Leads to C sections due to lack of feeling and it s much harder for mother to push Babies have lower APGAR score when mothers have used delivery medications 3 12 Describe various birth complications Breech Position when baby will be born feet first rather than head first in this position umbilical cord is constricted and can t deliver enough oxygen Placenta Abruptio the placenta breaks away abrupts from the wall of the uterus too early before the baby is born Rh factor father has rh protein but mother doesn t Possible baby has it If baby does mother will form antibodies
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