Child Psych Study Guide Chapter 5 Physical Growth Main Factors that affect physical growth focus on nutrition infectious diseases and emotional well being Heredity production of and sensitivity to hormones mutations Nutrition calories to keep organs functioning properly during rapid brain and body growth in infants Infectious Disease malnutrition and childhood illnesses can result badly Emotional Well being extreme emotional deprevation psychosocial dwarfism a growth disorder caused by lack of GH production What gender differences and similarities exist in relation to physical growth More social pressure on boys to be athletic so in adolescence they develop more strength speed and endurance Between ages 10 14 girls are usually taller because they hit puberty before boys Understand the basics of brain neuron growth as well as related terms ex Different lobes lateralization pruning etc Brain Development newborns brain disproportionately large 25 size of adult brain by age 2 75 of adult brain weight Parts of Neuron Synapse junction between neurons through which nerve impulses pass Synaptic pruning neurons which don t form a connection with another will die off 40 pruned die off for efficiency no need for energy Basic Brain structures Cerebral Cortex largest most complex structure in human brain 85 of total brain weight makes unique intelligence of our species last brain structure to stop growing Brain plasticity in highly plastic cerebral cortex infants and young children many areas are not specialized before lateralization occurs so if part of cortex is damaged other parts can take over Left vs Right Hemisphere Lateralization right hemisphere controls left side of body and facial recognition left hemisphere controls right side of body and speech Corpus Callosum band of neural fibers connecting two sides of brain Myelination coating of neural fibers with insulating myelin sheath which improves message transfer this is done by glial cells which make up half of the brains volume What is the difference between experience expectant and experience dependent brain growth Experience Expectant dependent on ordinary experiences in everday life in order for brain to grow normally touching objects hearing sounds and language move about and explore environment Experience Dependent relies on specific learning experiences which vary widely across individuals and cultures playing the violin Nutrition in Early Childhood By age 1 should get all food groups by age 2 appetite becomes unpredictable Social environment influences food choices repeatedly serving broccoli without pressuring child to eat it is the most likely way to increase child s acceptance of broccoli Breast milk is the best milk benefits to child less likely to get sick mothers antibodies better vision growth nutritionally complete correct fat protein balance benefits mother as well bonding reduces breast cancer risk Malnutrition usually seen in high poverty countries but spreading to developed b c food insecurity o Marasmus wasting condition o Kwashiorkor unbalanced diet low in protein o Iron deficiency Anemia unbalanced diet low in iron Obese vs Overweight o Obese BMI 30 above 95th percentile in children o Overweight 25 American children adolescents BMI 25 29 children above 85th percentile Primary vs Secondary Sexual Characteristics Primary physical features that involve reproductive organs directly ovaries uterus vagina penis scrotum testes Secondary features visible on outside of body not involving reproductive organs that serve as additional signs of sexual maturity female breasts underarm facial hair voice change facial hair Effects of Early vs Late Puberty Early maturing in Girls unpopular involved in deviant behavior or withdrawn Late maturing in girls popular positive body image socialable Early Maturing in boys popular confident positive body image Late maturing in boys unpopular anxious attention seeking negative body image How is adolescent brain different than adult brain Neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely Increases probability of novel experiences ex Taking drugs Uneven brain growth immature prefrontal cortex may lead to troublesome adolescent behavior however adolescents are capable of rational thinking Know main differences between anorexia and bulimia nervosa Anorexia severely underweight starve b c compulsive fear of being fat 1 of teen girls no menstrual periods menarche Bulimia strict diet and exercise easier to treat guilt feeling after eating 2 4 of teen girls Understand Autism Not caused by vaccinations Treatments no known cure cause types of treatment include psychodynamic therapies biomedical treatments and applied behavioral analysis most empirical evidence operant conditioning with positive reinforcement Temple Grandin more famous person with autism believes in early prevention Savantism extraordinary skill not exhibited by most people 10 of autism population Don t need to know about sexuality and pregnancy in adolescence Chapter 6 Cognitive Development Piaget core knowledge and Vygotsky Know 4 stages of Piagetian cognitive development and relevant terms 1 Sensorimotor birth 2 years development begins as child uses senses to explore world a Mental representation internal mental depictions of information images objects people places i Deferred imitation ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who aren t present ii Make believe play acting out everyday and imaginary behaviors b Piagets theory suggests infants live purely sensorimotor lives unable to mentally represent experience until about 18 monts of age however Research suggests that infants comprehend a lot before they are capable of the motor behaviors Piaget assumed led to those understandings place A then see it moved to place B still search for it in A during months 8 12 start to realize object permanence if they reach several times for object hiding in c A not B search error 2 Preoperational 2 7 years baby s action patterns become symbolic but thinking of a preschooler increase in mental representation symbols tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting other important features a Operations mental representations of actions that obey logical rules b Centration focusing or centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others c Egocentrism most fundamental deficiency of
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