Chapter 1 Distinctions between the three grand theories of development Psychoanalytic perspective o A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational unconscious drives and motives often originating in childhood underlies human behavior o Originated with Sigmund Freud Birth to 1 year the mouth the oral stage 1 3 years the anus the anal stage 3 6 years the penis the phallic stage 6 11 years quite time latency stage Adolescence and beyond genital stage o NO DATA SUPPORT Behaviorism and social learning theory o A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior o John Watson All behavior is learned Strongly believed in verifiable data with controlled experiments Study what a person does not what they re thinking feeling Specific laws of learning apply to conditioning Ex Baby Albert Paget s cognitive developmental theory o Sensorimotor stage the child begins to interact with the environment 0 2 o Preoperational stage the child begins to represent the world symbolically 2 6 or 7 o Concrete operational stage the child learns rules such as conservation 7 11 or 12 o Formal operational stage the adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future 12 adult Freud vs Erikson Erik Erikson 1902 1994 o Was a follower of Freud who emphasized Culture diversity Social change Psychological crises Family and culture not sexual urges Classical conditioning Operant conditioning A person or animal is conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus Reinforcing or punishing voluntary behaviors Reinforcement a technique for conditioning behavior where behavior is followed by something desired Punishment a technique for conditioning behavior where behavior is followed by something NOT desired Harlow s work suggested that while feedings are important it is the physical closeness and contact that provides the comfort and security that a child needs for normal development A person observes the actions of others and then copies them Social learning theory Emphasizes the influence that other people have over a persons behavior Self efficacy belief of some people that they are able to change themselves and effectively alter the social context Assimilation vs accommodation Assimilation In piagets theory that part of adaptation in which the external world is interpreted iin terms of current schemes Accommodation In piagets theory the part of adaptation in which new schemes are created or old ones adjusted to produce a better fit with the environment Harry Harlow s Findings Social learning theory Bobo doll toy study Recent Theoretical Perspectives Information Processing Theory o Example of continuous developmental theory Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Ethology Evolutionary Dev Psych Sociocultural Development Ecological Systems Theory o Bronfenbrenner The Ecological Model Chronosystem o Changes in your lifetime Macrosystems o Larger social setting Cultural values Economic policies Political processes Exosystems o Indirect environment School district Parents work Media Microsystems Religion o A persons immediate surroundings Mesosystems o Interactions among the different microsystems Eclectic perspective Refers to a therapeutic approach in which a variety of methods principles and philosophies are used to create a treatment program that caters to a patient s unique needs Rather than adhering to a certain school of therapy eclectic therapists use techniques from all schools to treat patients Chapter Two Theory Research Question Is not a guess Orderly integrated set of statements that describes explains or predicts behavior Leads to an appropriate research design Methodological point of departure of scholarly research in both the natural and social sciences Hypothesis A prediction drawn from a theory Common Research Methods Naturalistic Observation observation of behavior in natural contexts o Strengths reflects participants everyday behaviors o Limitations cannot control conditions under which participants are observed Accuracy of observations may be reduced by observer influence and observer bias Structured Observation observation of behavior in a laboratory where conditions are the same for all participants o Strengths grants each participant an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest Permits study of behaviors rarely seen in everyday life o Limitations May not yield observations typical of participant s behavior in everyday life Accuracy of observations may be reduced by observer influence and observer bias Clinical interview flexible interviewing procedure in which the investigator obtains a complete account of the participants thoughts o Strengths comes as close as possible to the way participants think in everyday life Great breadth and depth of information can be obtained in a short time o Limitations may not result in accurate reporting on information Flexible procedure makes comparing individuals responses difficult Structure interview questionnaires and tests Self report instruments in which each participant is asked the same questions is the same way o Strengths Permits comparisons of participant s responses and efficient data collection Researchers can specify answer of alternatives that participants might not think of in an open ended interview o Limitations Does not yield the same depth of information as a clinical interview Responses are still subject to inaccurate reporting Neurobiological Methods methods that measure the relationship between nervous system processes and behavior o Strengths Reveals which central nervous system structures contribute to development and individual differences in certain competencies Helps researchers infer the perceptions thoughts and emotions of infants and young children who cannot report them clearly o Limitations Cannot reveal with certainty the meaning of autonomic or brain activity Many factors besides those of interest to the researcher can influence a psychological response Clinical or case study method a full picture of one individual s psychological functioning obtained by combining interviews observations test scores and sometimes neurobiological assessments o Strengths provides rich descriptive insights into the many factors affecting development o Limitations May be biased by researchers theoretical preferences Findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant Ethnography participant observation of a culture or distinct social group By making
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