DEP3103 Fall 2014 Study Guide Exam 3 NOTE Exams may contain material not included on this guide Material on guide is not guaranteed to be on exams Use this information as a GUIDE for your studying but do not treat it as a map that will show you everything This information comes from the textbook AND the lectures Chapter 10 Emotional Development Any lecture material we covered Know the Functions of Emotions section particularly the functionalist approach to emotion and the different domains emotions are involved in e g cognitive processing social behavior o Emotion rapid appraisal of personal significance of situations which prepares you for action Triggered because important to individual o Central in all our endeavors Cognition Lead to learning essential for survival Can impair learning Social Health Affect behavior of others Regulate own behavior Influence well being growth Stress related to diseases o Functionalist approach to emotion behavior aimed at attaining personal goals o Emotions and cognitive processing emphasizes that the broad function of emotions is to energize Emotions arise from ongoing exchanges between the person and the environment In this view emotions are central in all our endeavors cognitive processing social behavior and physical health Also emotions contribute to the emergence of self awareness Ex the interest and excitement that babies display when acting on novel objects help them forge a sense of self efficacy confidence in their own ability to control events in their surroundings Energize behavior prepare for action central to personal goals Emphasizes that to adapt to their physical and social worlds children must gain control over their emotions just as they do their motor cognitive and social behavior emotional self regulation Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival For example a caregiver s highly charged No is sufficient to keep most newly walking toddlers from touching an electric outlet or careening down a staircase The toddler need not experience a shock or a fall to avoid these dangers Don t have to experience to avoid danger The emotion cognition relationship is evident in the impact of anxiety on performance test talent show show tell emotions also powerfully affect memory fear of doctor after shot Emotions can powerfully affect memory The relationship between emotion and cognition is bidirectional a dynamic interplay already under way in infancy Ex in one study researchers had infants pull a string which activated pleasurable sights and sounds The infants responded with happiness interest and surprise For a short period pulling the string no longer turned on the attractive stimuli The babies emotional reactions quickly changed mostly to anger but occasionally to sadness Once the contingency was restored the infants who had reacted angrily showed renewed interest and enjoyment whereas the sad babies turned away Emotions were interwoven with cognitive processing serving as outcomes of mastery and as the energizing force for continued involvement and learning o Emotions and social behavior Children s emotional signals powerfully affect the behavior of others whose emotional reactions in turn regulate children s social behavior With age infants begin to initiate as well as respond to emotional expressions by the end of the first year babies become increasingly skilled at joint attention following the caregiver s line of regard In these joint attentional episodes infants and toddlers pick up not only verbal information but also emotional information With age emotional expressions become deliberate means through which infants communicate and babies monitor the emotional expressions of others to assess their intentions and perspectives Ex Mothers initiate nearly all positive emotional exchanges with young babies But by 9 months infants become initiators smiling before their mother smiles the checking of others emotions where young children learn how to behave Social referencing in a great many everyday situations Ex one 18 month old on first witnessing his newborn sister cry monitored his mother s reaction On subsequent occasions he patted the baby and comforted No no Peach her nickname no tears Emotions influence children s physical well being Two childhood growth disorders resulting from emotional deprivation are nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism Persistent psychological stress manifested in anxiety depressed mood anger and irritability is associated with a variety of health difficulties from infancy to adulthood For example stress elevates heart rate and blood pressure and depresses the immune response reactions that may explain its relationship with cardiovascular disease infectious illness and several forms of cancer o Emotions and health Know the section including all key terms and developmental patterns if applicable in the Development of Emotional Expression section o Basic emotions happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust are universal in humans and other primates have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival and can be directly inferred from facial expressions o Although signs of some emotions are present babies earliest emotional life consists of little more than two global arousal states attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation Only gradually do emotions become clear well organized signals o Dynamic systems perspective into more effective emotionally expressive systems as the central nervous system develops and the child s goals and experiences change helps us understand how this happens children coordinate separate skills o According to one view sensitive contingent caregiver communication in which parents selectively mirror aspects of the baby s diffuse emotional behavior helps infants construct discrete emotional expressions more similar to those of adults o Around 6 months face gaze voice and posture form distinct organized patterns that vary meaningfully with environmental events By the middle of the first year emotional expressions are organized and specific and therefore able to tell us a great deal about the infant s internal state o Four basic emotions Interest surprise disgust are also universal in humans and other primates happiness anger sadness and fear have received the most research attention o Cross cultural evidence reveals that people around the world associate photographs of different facial
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