Chapter 4 1 Explain functions of newborn reflexes and describe changing states of arousal during infancy emphasizing sleep and crying a Functions of newborn reflexes i survival ii Help parents and infants establish gratifying interaction iii Provide foundation for voluntary motor skills 1 Actual reflexes and their functions a Eye blink protects infant from strong simulation b Rooting helps infant find nipple c Sucking permits feeding d Swimming helps infant survive if dropped into e Moro in human evolutionary past it may have helped the infant cling to mom f Palmar grasp preps infant for voluntary g Tonic neck may prepare infant for voluntary water grasping reaching b Changing states of arousal during infancy sleep crying h Stepping prepares infant for voluntary walking i Sleep states 2 kinds 1 Rapid eye movement REM irregular sleep 8 9 hrs a Newborns spend 50 of their sleep time here b This kind provides stimulation essential for CNS development c Further defined gentle limb movements occasional stirring facial grimacing occur although eyelids are closed occasional REMs can be seen beneath them breathing is irregular 2 Non rapid eye movement NREM regular sleep 8 9 hrs a AKA disturbed REM it s a sign of CNS abnormalities and could lead to sudden infant death syndrome SIDS b Further defined infant is at full rest and shows little or no body activity eyelids are closed no eye movements occur the face is relaxed and breathing is slow and regular a A crying baby stimulates strong feelings of discomfort in nearby adults the intensity of the cry and experiences leading up to it help parents identify what is wrong ii Crying b Further once feeding and diaper changing have been tried a highly effective soothing technique is lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking c Ethological research indicates that parental responsiveness to infant crying leads to less crying over time 2 Why is neonatal behavioral assessment useful a It helps researchers understand solo and cultural differences in newborn behavior Sometimes it is used to teach parents about their baby s capacities 3 Describe infant learning capacities the conditions under which they occur and the unique value of each a Infant learning capacities i Permit them to profit from experience immediately b Conditions under which they occur unique value of each i Types 1 Classical conditioning a Defined it is where a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response once the baby s NS makes the connection b w the 2 stimuli the new stimulus produces the behavior by itself b Unique value i helps infants recognize which events usually occur together in the everyday world so they can anticipate what is about to happen next c Further steps conditions i Unconditioned stimulus consistently produces a reflexive unconditioned response iii ii To produce learning a neutral stimulus that does not lead to reflex is presented just b4 or about at same time as UCS If learning has occurred the neutral stimulus alone produces a response similar to reflexive response this is called the conditioned stimulus and the response it elicits is called a conditioned response if the CS is presented alone enough times without being paired with the UCS the CR iv will no longer occur an outcome called extinction 2 operant conditioning 3 Habituation a Defined it is when infants act or operate on the environment and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again b Unique value i main influences on behavior are external person s external environment that his or her behavior is programmed c Further steps conditions i Reinforcer is a stimulus that increases occurrence of response ii Punishment is removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease occurrence of response a Defined it refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation b Unique value i Makes learning more efficient by focusing our attention on those aspects of the environment we know least about ii Also early predictors of intelligence b c they assess memory and quickness and flexibility of thinking c Further steps conditions i Recovery is the new following stimulus that causes the habituated response to return to a high level ii Novelty preference assesses infants iii Familiarity preference assesses their recent memory remote memory a Defined it is copying the behavior of another i Serves as foundation for understanding others thoughts and feelings c Further steps conditions i Mirror neurons underlie this and are specialized cells in many areas of the 4 Imitation person b Unique value cerebral cortex they fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own 4 How does the dynamic systems perspective explain motor development a Kids acquire new motor skills by combining existing skills into increasingly complex systems of action each new skill is a joint product of CNS development the body s movement possibilities the child s goals and environmental supports for the skill 5 Identify factors that influence gross and fine motor development during the first 2 years a Tone i Ongoing contraction and state of muscle at rest b Strength c Endurance d Balance i Force of muscle contraction purposefully exerted against resistance to carry out activity i Ability to maintain exertion required for an activity i Delicate integration of equilibrium centers in the brain with sensory input e Motor planning f Sensory integration i Complex and often intuitive ability to know how to carry out steps needed to complete physical activity i Ability to accurately interpret sensory input from environment and to produce appropriate motor response 6 Describe newborn baby s sensitivity to touch taste smell and sound noting changes during infancy a Touch b Taste c Smell d Sound i Newborns use their palms to distinguish shapes of small objects also highly sensitive to pain i Prefer sweet tastes ii Around 4 mo liking for salty tastes emerge and support acceptance of solid foods i Newborns orient toward odor of their own mom s amniotic fluid and that of lactating breasts i Newborns can distinguish a few sound patterns as well as nearly all speech sounds ii Over the 1st year infants organize sounds into increasingly elaborate patterns iii Newborns can distinguish almost all speech sounds they prefer listening to slow clear high pitched expressive voices
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