Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 10 10 1 Describe the functionalist approach to emotional development Emotions play a role in energizing behavior and prepare you for action as well as being key in achieving personal goals Function of Emotion Central in all our endeavors Cognition Lead to learning essential for survival can impair learning and the relationship between emotion and cognition is bidirectional Social Affect behavior of others regulate own behavior Health Influences well being and growth stress related to disease 10 2 how does the expression of basic emotions change during infancy During the first six months basic emotions gradually become clear and well organized signals Social smile appears between 6 and 10 weeks Laughter appears around 3 to 4 months Anger and fear increase from the second half of the first year into the second year as infant s cognitive and motor capacities improves Happiness infants smile from birth and then form a social smile and then laugh Anger Have general distress from birth then have anger from 4 to 6 months and it increases with age Sadness Less common than anger and is usually only a response to a disruption in caregiver infant communication Fear First fears in 6 to 12 months then stranger anxiety around 8 to 12 months and temperament plays a role Cross Cultural Evidence Universal in humans across cultures and have a long history of promoting survival Basic Emotions Happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust Dynamic Systems Perspective Emotional expressions vary with the person s developing capacities goals and context Children coordinate separate skills into more effective systems as CNS develops and child s goals and experience change 10 3 Describe the development of self conscious emotions emotional self regulation and conformity to emotional display rules Self Conscious Emotions also known as higher level emotions Emotions that involve injury to our enhancement of our sense of self Includes shame embarrassment guilt envy and pride They emerge at the end of the second year and need help from adults with when to feel them Self Conscious emotions guilt shame embarrassment envy and pride Emotional Self Regulation Strategies for adjusting our emotional statae to a comfortable level to accomplish our goals Requires voluntary effortful management of emotions and improves gradually as a result of brain development and assistance from caregivers Attention shifting shifting infants focus from what makes them upset to something that will make them happy Problem centered coping used when situation seen as unchangeable You identify what the difficulty is and then decide what to do about it walking away from a situation Emotion centered coping used if problem centered coping does not work like when a child is upset but is strapped into a car seat Internal private control of distress Emerges as the prefrontal cortex develops and as caregivers sensitively assist infants in adjusting their emotional reactions Emotional Display Rules Norms that specify when where and how it is appropriate to express emotions Boys are encouraged to suppress more while girls are encouraged to display more Children gradually learn to express negative emotions in ways likely to evoke a desired response 10 4 Describe the development of emotional understanding from infancy through middle childhood Begins early By 3 4 months they have expectations for caregiver responses for emotional exchanges For example the still face experiment where a child makes different faces in attempts of evoking emotion from a parent or caregiver and gets upset when the caregiver gives no emotion back Social Referencing relying on another person s emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation For example a child at a doctors office who keeps looking at their caregiver for an example of how they should be feeling about the situation Role make believe play Bake believe play with siblings and friends is an excellent contexts for learning about emotions 10 5 Describe the development of empathy from infancy into adolescence noting individual differences Empathy Feeling same or similar emotions as another person It is a complex mix of cognition and affect they must detect emotions and take other s perspective and it is an important motivator of pro social altruistic behavior Newborns sense other babies distress Adolescence can empathize not just to immediate distress but with general life conditions Requires self awareness Parents who are warm and encourage emotional expressiveness show Increases over school years empathetic concern and help their child regulate angry feelings promote development of empathy and sympathy 10 6 What is temperament and how is it measured Temperament early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal attention and motor action Self Regulation as we have seen refers to strategies that modify that reactivity Mary Rothbart s Model of Temperament currently most influential Includes representing emotion attention action and effortful control the ability to regulate one s reactivity 10 7 Discuss the roles of heredity and environment in the stability of temperament the relationship of temperament to cognitive and social functioning and the goodness of fit model Long term prediction from early temperament is best achieved after age 3 when styles of responding are better established Although temperament is moderately heritable both shared environmental influences and non shared influences evident in parents tendency to emphasize each child s unique qualities contribute Children s temperamental traits consistently predict their cognitive and social functioning Effortful control is linked to generally favorable development and adjustment The goodness of fit model describes how a child s temperament and environment work together to affect later development Parenting practices that fit well with the child s temperament help children achieve more adaptive functioning 10 8 What are the unique features of ethological theory of attachment Ethological Theory of Attachment which recognizes the infant s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival is the most widely accepted view Attachment develops in four phases Preattachment Attachment in the making Clear cut and Formation of a reciprocal relationship Separation anxiety becoming upset when their trusted
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