Study Guide for Exam 1 Chapter 1 History Theory and Applied Directions Grand Theories I Psychoanalytic Theory irrational unconscious drives and motives often originating in childhood underlies human behavior Sigmund Freud not supported by data o An approach to personality development introduced by Freud assumes children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts b w biological drives and social expectations How these conflicts are resolved determines the person s ability to learn get along with others and to cope with anxiety Discontinuous psychosexual and psychosocial development Both nature and nurture Innate impulses are channeled and takes place in stages controlled through child rearing experiences early experiences set the course of later development II Behaviorism All behavior is learned strongly believed in verifiable data with controlled experiments studies what a person does not their feelings or thoughts Studies observable behavior Specific laws of learning apply to conditioning John Watson EX Baby Albert social learning baby observes and imitates o An approach that regards directly observable events stimuli and responses as the appropriate focus of study and that views the development of behavior a taking place through classical and operant conditioning conditioning the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli repeated practice Continuous development involves an increase in learned Emphasis on nurture development results from conditioning and behaviors modeling both early and later experiences are important III Cognitive Theory All behavior is learned step by step Focuses on changes in how people think over time Our thoughts shape out attitudes beliefs and behaviors Jean Piaget o Views children as actively constructing knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world and regards cognitive development as taking place in stages Discontinuous cognitive development takes place in stages Both nature nurture development occurs as the brain grows and children exercise their innate drive to discover reality in a generally stimulating environment both early and later experiences are important Freud vs Erickson Freud psychosexual theory how parents manage their child s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for health personality development Erickson psychosocial theory in each Freudian stage individuals not only develop a unique personality but also acquire attitudes and skills that help them become active contributing members of society Erik Erikson followed this emphasizing family and culture not sexual urges Normal development must be understood in relation to each culture s life situation Difference in childrearing from culture to culture One of the first to recognize the lifespan nature of development Added three stages more than Freud Classical vs Operant Conditioning Skinner Classical Conditioning a person or animal is conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus Pavlov s dog Before conditioning Bell no response but food salivation During conditioning Bell followed by food salivation After conditioning Bell salivation The Office example gum every time computer turns on Operant Conditioning Reinforcing or punishing VOLUNTARY behaviors Reinforcement A technique for conditioning behavior where behavior is followed by something desired Punishment A technique for conditioning behavior where behavior is followed by something NOT desired Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Reinforcers increase the probability of behavior reoccurring Positive Reinforcement presenting desirable stimulus Negative Reinforcement removing unpleasant stimulus Punishment decreases the probability of behavior occurring again Positive Punishment presenting unpleasant stimulus Negative Punishment removing desirable stimulus Harry Harlow s baby rhesus monkeys cloth surrogate mother or a wire surrogate mother Baby monkeys grow up in isolation with wire monkey mother one wrapped in cloth comfort one just wire nourishment Kangaroo care physical contact is just as important as nourishment to babies Social Learning Theory Bandura o Social Learning Theory extension of behaviorism emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person s behavior modern ex violence in the media desensitizing kids to violence encourage o Modeling a person observes the actions of others and then copies them o Self efficacy belief of some people that they are able to change themselves and effectively alter the social context belief that own abilities and characteristics will help one succeed Albert Bandura s study with the bobo doll toy Learned aggression in children Child observes adult violently playing kick throw the bobo doll bobo doll now aggressive toy Children played with bobo doll aggressively Piaget s stages of cognitive development o Sensorimotor stage child interacts with environment 0 2 o Preoperational state begins to represent the world symbolically 2 7 o Concrete Operational stage learns rules ex conservation 7 12 o Formal Operational stage concrete abstract thinking 12 adulthood Piaget assimilate is to conform accommodate is to make a change Modern Emergent Theories o Information Processing Theory o Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience o Ethology Evolutionary Dev Psych o Sociocultural Development o Ecological Systems Theory MICROsystems a person s immediate surroundings MESOsysems interaction among the different microsystems EXOsystems local institutions schools church MACROsystems larger social settings cultural values economic policies political processes Eclectic perspective BLEND OF SEVERAL THEORIES dynamic systems perspective Child s mind body and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills Chapter 2 Research Strategies principle from repeated observation and testing a tested hypothesis Theory idea intended to explain something Research Question fundamental core of a study the focus Hypothesis prediction made on limited evidence starting point to further investigation testable Common Research Methods Qualitative research describes particular conditions and the ideas of participants specific situational factors influencing an individual or group Quantitative research provides data that is expressed with numbers Interviews Open ended questionnaires looks for statistical differences less open to interpretation o
View Full Document
Unlocking...