DEP3103 Fall 2014 Study Guide Exam 3 NOTE Exams may contain material not included on this guide Material on guide is not guaranteed to be on exams Use this information as a GUIDE for your studying but do not treat it as a map that will show you everything This information comes from the textbook AND the lectures Chapter 10 Emotional Development 1 Any lecture material we covered 2 Know the Functions of Emotions section particularly the functionalist approach to emotion and the different domains emotions are involved in e g cognitive processing social behavior Emotion is a rapid appraisal of the personal significance of the situation o Emotion expresses our readiness to establish maintain or change our relation to the environment on a matter of importance to us Functionalist approach to emotion emphasizes on the broad function of emotions is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals Emotions and Cognitive Processing o Believe that emotions are central in all endeavors cognitive processing social behavior and even physical health ex stress of a test and walking into the testing environment can create a strong emotion o Emotions arise from ongoing exchanges between the person and the environment o Energize behavior prepare for action and central to personal goals o Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival No Don t touch the fire or electrical outlet or stove etc OR get too close to the edge where can hurt self Don t have to experience to avoid danger o The emotion cognition relationship is evident in the impact of anxiety on performance test talent show show tell emotions also powerfully affect memory fear of doctor after shot o Can impair learning Emotions and Social Behavior o Children s emotional signal powerfully affect the behavior of others whose emotional reactions in turn regulate children s social behavior o With age infants begin to initiate as well as respond to emotional expressions by the end of the first year babies become increasingly skilled at joint attention following the caregivers line of regard o Regulate own behavior Emotions and Health o Two childhood growth disorders resulting from emotional deprivation are nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism o Influence well being growth o Persistent psychological stress is associated with a variety of health difficulties from infancy to adulthood 3 Know the section including all key terms and developmental patterns if applicable in the Development of Emotional Expression section Infants children and adults use diverse response to express a particular emotion Earliest emotional life consists mainly of 2 global arousal states o Attraction to pleasant stimulation o Withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation Middle of first year expressions become well organized and specific and they tell us a great deal about the infants internal state Basic emotions happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust are universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival o A characteristic of basic emotions is that they can be directly inferred from facial expressions o 4 basic emotions happiness anger sadness and fear o Emerge early in life no introspection or self reflections Happiness o Infants express happiness first through smiling and later through laughter Smile from birth Social smile 6 to 10 weeks Laugh 3 to 4 months laughter appears reflecting faster processing of information and occurring at first in response to very active stimuli 10 to 12 months like adults they have several smiles which vary with context at the end of the first year the smile becomes a deliberate social signal o Social smile broad grin evoked by the stimulus of a human face o Babies smile and laugh when they achieve new skills displaying their delight in motor and cognitive mastery Anger and Sadness Fear o New born babies respond with generalized distress to a variety of unpleasant experiences o 4 6 months into the second year angry expressions increase in frequency and intensity o Sadness occurs often when infants are deprived of a familiar loving caregiver or when caregiver infant communication is seriously disrupted o Fear rises during the second half of the first year into second year Ex older infants hesitate before playing with a new toy and newly crawling infants o Stranger anxiety 8 12 months most frequent expression of fear wariness in response to show fear of heights unfamiliar adults It is not universal and depends on temperament past experiences with strangers and the current situation Toddles level of stranger anxiety is most likely affected by past experiences with strangers o Secure Base the baby s use of the familiar caregiver as the point from which to explore venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support o Fear also declines as children acquire a wider array of strategies for coping with it o The rise in fear after age 6 months keeps newly mobile babies enthusiasm for exploration in check Self Conscious Emotions o Self conscious Emotions emotions such as shame embarrassment guilt envy and pride that involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self Self conscious emotions are a second higher order set of feelings that involve injury Appear in the middle of the second year 18 24 months become firmly aware of the to or enhancement of the sense of self self as a separate unique individual o Self conscious emotions require adult instruction in when to feel proud ashamed or guilty o As their self concepts develop children become increasingly sensitive to praise and blame or to the possibility of such feedback from parents and other important adults in their lives o 3 yr old self conscious emotions are clearly linked to self evaluation o Guilt helps children resist harmful impulses and it motivates a misbehaving child to repair the damage and behave more considerately Failing at a difficult task caused sadness but failing at an easy task produced shame Emotional Self Regulation o Emotional Self regulation refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals Requires such cognitive capacities as attention focusing and shifting the ability to inhibit thought and behavior and planning actively taking steps to relieve a stressful situation o Emotional self regulation requires voluntary effortful management of emotions Effortful control
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